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All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Chinese Teachers' Perspectives on Early Childhood Education
Early childhood education (ECE) has long been neglected in China, causing the widely reported “3A” problems: accessibility (difficult to enter a kindergarten), affordability (expensive tuition), and accountability (poor quality and no monitoring system). To solve these problems, the central government promulgated the Several Views on the Development of Preschool Education by the State Council and Outline of China’s National Plan for Medium and Long-term Education Reform and Development (2010–2020) in 2010, aiming to enable more children to receive adequate and satisfactory ECE services.
  • 473
  • 31 Mar 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Immersive Learning
Immersive learning conceptualizes education as a set of active phenomenological experiences that are based on presence. Immersive learning can be implemented using both physical and digital means, such as virtual reality and augmented reality.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Mar 2023
Topic Review Video
The 12 Rs Framework for Research with Animals
Animals have been used in research for various purposes, ranging from animal, agricultural, wildlife, environmental and medical sciences to education and training. The ethical and humane use of animals for scientific purposes is often referred to animal research ethics. The latter has matured substantially, so that it has become a cornerstone for responsible conduct of research. Scientific studies using animals are diverse and specialized in nature, and the intricacy of animal welfare and other key ethical aspects to be considered has also become expansive and complex, requiring a simplified, birds-eye view model, here called the 12Rs Framework, to guide all stakeholders between key considerations and fostering ethical integrity.
  • 681
  • 28 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Macroeconomic and Uncertainty Shocks’ Effects on Energy Prices
Due to the interconnected nature of the modern world, GDP, monetary and fiscal policy variables, corruption, and uncertainty are critical to energy policy decisions. Energy consumption, GDP growth, and energy prices have a causal link in both directions. 
  • 487
  • 27 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Sustainability in Brazil’s Beef Industry
Since the dawn of Brazilian trade, extensive cattle farming has predominated. Brazil’s extensive pasture-based system uses pasture plants adapted to climate and soil conditions with limited use of purchased inputs. Domestic and international stakeholders have prioritized sustainable agricultural development in Brazil’s beef sector to reduce deforestation and other natural-habitat conversions.
  • 649
  • 23 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Machiavellianism and Gift-Giving in Live Video Streaming
With the development of society, especially information technology, the manners of social interaction and entertainment have profoundly changed. In recent years, live streaming platforms (such as Twitch, YouTube Live, and Facebook Live in western countries; AfreecaTV in Korea; YY Live, Douyu TV, and Huya Live in China), where anyone can deliver real-time broadcasts or watch and interact with the streamers, have been increasingly popular around the world. The viewing of live video streaming has become one of the most popular online activities; there are 616 million live streaming users in China, representing 62.4 percent of the Chinese Internet population. To some extent, live video streaming has been a new social media, providing users new manners for social interaction and entertainment.
  • 378
  • 21 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Achievement Goal Orientation and Academic Engagement
Enhancing academic engagement in university students can help enrich students’ educational experience. Drawing on the Conservation of Resources Model and the Job Demand-Resources Model, exploring the links between undergraduates’ achievement goal orientation and academic engagement (AE), by examining the mediating functions of perceived school climate (PSC) and academic self-efficacy (ASE).
  • 582
  • 20 Mar 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Charter Schools: An Alternative Option in American Schooling
Charter schools are educational institutions in the United States funded through taxation but operated privately under a charter or contract with a public entity, providing alternative public education options to families. Charter schools are subject to fewer rules and regulations and have greater autonomy than traditional public schools over operations, curriculum, and instruction, although have greater stakes in school accountability.
  • 1.0K
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Sustainability of Smallholders in the Local Food System
Food is vital to human life. Many advancements in food production, especially the application of modern technologies in food production, have been generated through the green revolution, and global trade has evolved into a global food system that has restructured the relationships among those involved in food production, distribution, and consumption.
  • 395
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Image-Based Sexual Abuse: Online Gender-Sexual Violations
Image-based sexual abuse describes the offline or online non-consensual sharing of real or fake images or videos with (un)known others of a person that are either sexually explicit or sexually suggestive. New information and communication technologies (ICTs) provide many open-ended and undefined possibilities for image-based sexual abuse (IBSA), such as ‘revenge pornography’, ‘upskirting’, deepfake pornography, sexual spycamming, and cyberflashing, to name just a few. These forms of abuse refer to the online, and also at times offline, non-consensual distribution or sharing of explicit images or videos of someone else by ex-partners, partners, others, or hackers seeking revenge, entertainment, or peer group status. The vast majority of these are committed by men against women. Given the many adverse impacts on physical and psychological health and well-being it has on its victim-survivors, exploring this form of online gender-sexual abuse and violation becomes an important endeavor. Situating the discussion within debates on gender and sexuality, the entry discusses the increasing use of new technologies for online gender-sexual abuse and violation, highlighting the motivations of those perpetrating IBSA, the negative physical and psychological impacts of IBSA on victim-survivors, and what has been, and could be, done to combat image-based sexual abuses and other misuses of new technologies, notably through legal, policy, and practice interventions within and between nations.
  • 458
  • 16 Mar 2023
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