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Topic Review
Street Gang Intervention
Tackling street gangs has recently been highlighted as a priority for public health. In this paper, the four components of a public health approach were reviewed: (1) surveillance, (2) identifying risk and protective factors, (3) developing and evaluating interventions at primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary intervention stages, and (4) implementation of evidence-based programs. Findings regarding the effectiveness of prevention and intervention programs for street gang members were mixed, with unclear goals/objectives, limited theoretical foundation, and a lack of consistency in program implementation impeding effectiveness at reducing street gang involvement. The Good Lives Model was proposed as a framework for street gang intervention.
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Streamer Trust in Livestreaming Commerce
Livestreaming commerce has become the mainstream of e-commerce. The key difference between livestreaming commerce and traditional e-commerce lies in the presence of the streamer.
  • 207
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Strategy and Cognitive Capacity
There is little consensus about the underlying parameters of human reasoning. Two major theories have been proposed that suppose very different mechanisms. The mental model theory proposes that people use working memory intensive processes in order to construct limited models of problem parameters. Specifically, a recently developed diagnostic questionnaire has identified two major categories of reasoners: Counterexample reasoners use a mental model form of processing, while Statistical reasoners use a probabilistic form of processing. Strategy use correlates with performance on very different kinds of thinking, such as contingency judgments, processing of negative emotions, or susceptibility to social biases.
  • 184
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Strategies of Participants in the Carbon Trading Market
To effectively understand the collaborative and evolutionary mechanisms of three stakeholders in carbon trading namely, government, emission reduction enterprises, and emission control enterprises, it is important to identify the factors that affect decision-making behaviors amongst game players, ultimately contributing to the goal of “double carbon”. Researchers constructed a tripartite game model, analyzing the selection mechanism for game strategies related to carbon trading participants through replicated dynamic equations. Researchers also discussed the main factors that influence the evolutionary and stable outcomes of carbon trading through scenario simulations. Additionally, researchers introduced prospect theory to examine the impact of risk sensitivity and loss avoidance levels amongst decision-makers on the optimal outcome of the system. The findings reveal that in the initial game model, the three decision-makers show a cyclical behavior pattern, but the system stabilizes in the optimal equilibrium state (1,1,1) when certain conditions are satisfied. Furthermore, the initial willingness of decision-makers impacts the ability of the game system to reach a stable point. Moreover, larger values for the risk sensitivity coefficient and loss avoidance coefficient can promote the evolution of the game system toward an optimal, stable point.
  • 252
  • 31 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Storage of Cultural Heritage Objects
The storage of cultural heritage objects typically falls to the responsibility of cultural heritage institutions, or individuals. The proper storage of these objects can help to ensure a longer lifespan for the object with minimal damage or degradation. With so many different types of artifacts, materials, and combinations of materials, keepers of these artifacts often have considerable knowledge of the best practices in storing these objects to preserve their original state.
  • 810
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Storable Votes
Storable Votes (also storable voting) is a multiple-issue electoral system with the potential to promote minority rights relative to a simple majority system. More generally, it allows voters to express the relative intensities of their preferences over different issues, in addition to the direction of their preferences.
  • 198
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Stomach Infrastructures in African Children
Child labour remains a prevalent global concern, and progress toward eradicating harmful children’s work appears to have stalled in the African continent and henceforth, integrated social policy intervention is still required to address the problem. Among several forms of social policy interventions, stomach infrastructure (i.e., in-kind and/or cash transfers) have been a key policy approach to support vulnerable families to lighten households’ resources burden, which forces them to consider child labour as a coping strategy. There is growing evidence on the impacts of these programs in child labour. However, this evidence is often mixed regarding children’s work outcomes, and the existing studies hardly describe such heterogeneous outcomes from the child-sensitive approach. To this end, a systematic literature search was conducted for studies in African countries. From 743 references retrieved in this study, 27 studies were included for the review, and a narrative approach has been employed to analyse extracted evidence. Results from the current study also demonstrate a mixed effect of in-kind and cash transfers for poor households on child labour decisions. Hence, the finding from the current review also demonstrates reduced participation of children in paid and unpaid work outside the household due to in-kind and cash transfers to poor households, but children’s time spent in economic and non-economic household labour and farm and non-farm labour, which are detrimental to child health and schooling, has been reported increasing due to the program interventions. The question remains how these programs can effectively consider child-specific and household-related key characteristics. To this end, a child-sensitive social protection perspective has been applied in this study to explain these mixed outcomes to inform policy design. 
  • 537
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Sterol Regulatory Element-binding Proteins
Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) is a key modulatory molecule involved in lipid homeostasis in the central nervous system. However, little is known about the biological effects of SREBP-1c in the brain. Our previous study uncovered that mice deficient in SREBP-1c exhibit schizophrenia-like behaviors. We analyzed the transcriptomes of the hippocampus of SREBP-1c knockout (KO) mice and wild-type mice in order to investigate whether there are novel molecular mechanisms involved in the neurological aberrations caused by SREBP-1c deficiency. This study found seven differentially expressed genes (three up-regulated and four down-regulated genes) in the hippocampus of SREBP-1c KO mice. For further verification, we selected the three most significantly changed genes: glucagon-like peptide 2 receptors (GLP2R) involved in hippocampal neurogenesis and neuroplasticity as well as in cognitive impairments; necdin (NDN) which is related to neuronal death and neurodevelopmental disorders; and Erb-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase 4 (ERBB4) which is a receptor for schizophrenia-linked protein, neuregulin-1. The protein levels of GLP2R and NDN were considerably decreased, but the level of ERBB4 was significantly increased in the hippocampus of SREBP-1c KO mice. We suggest that these data provide novel molecular evidence for the modulatory role of SREBP-1c in the mouse hippocampus.
  • 1.0K
  • 03 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Step-by-Step Model for Implementing Open Innovation
Open innovation has attracted wide interest since it first appeared in the 2003 book by Chesbrough. It proposed that companies combining internal and external ideas when innovating would benefit more than by adhering to the traditional research and development model. As many definitions have been proposed for this term since then, it appears that open innovation is not something stationary and is constantly evolving. At this time, the most prevalent definition seems to be that open innovation is the use of purposive inflows and outflows of knowledge to accelerate internal innovation, and expand the markets for external use of innovation, respectively. This means that firms wanting to advance their technology can and should use both internal and external ideas. Even though there are several definitions for open innovation, their common thread is the creation of relations and collaborations in order to create something new with the resources at hand. The differences in the definitions usually refer to different scopes concerning resources, the degree of openness, etc.
  • 366
  • 06 Jun 2022
Topic Review
STEM-Based Teaching in Learning
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education promotes innovation and creativity and provides learners with the opportunity to develop critical thinking, problem solving, and analytical skills, which are all essential for sustainable development. When these skills are applied to real-world situations, they can help to address social, economic, and environmental challenges. STEM education can foster new solutions and technologies that contribute to sustainable development. 
  • 227
  • 31 Aug 2023
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