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Topic Review
Cognitive Chronometry
Mental chronometry is the study of reaction time (RT; also referred to as "response time") in perceptual-motor tasks to infer the content, duration, and temporal sequencing of mental operations. Mental chronometry is one of the core methodological paradigms of human experimental and cognitive psychology, but is also commonly analyzed in psychophysiology, cognitive neuroscience, and behavioral neuroscience to help elucidate the biological mechanisms underlying perception, attention, and decision-making across species. Mental chronometry uses measurements of elapsed time between sensory stimulus onsets and subsequent behavioral responses. It is considered an index of processing speed and efficiency indicating how fast an individual can execute task-relevant mental operations. Behavioral responses are typically button presses, but eye movements, vocal responses, and other observable behaviors can be used. RT is constrained by the speed of signal transmission in white matter as well as the processing efficiency of neocortical gray matter. Conclusions about information processing drawn from RT are often made with consideration of task experimental design, limitations in measurement technology, and mathematical modeling.
  • 242
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cognitive Control in Young and Older Adults
The dual mechanisms of control framework (DMC) proposes two modes of cognitive control: proactive and reactive control. The proactive control mode is an early selection process that actively maintains task context over time to minimize interference whereas the reactive control mode is a late correction process that serves to resolve interference, at the time of its occurrence. Young adults primarily use a more proactive control mode, but older adults tend to use a more reactive control.  
  • 488
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Cognitive Interventions
With older adults, cognitive intervention programs are most often used for preventing or reversing a decline in cognitive functions. Under the heading of cognitive intervention, a multitude of diverse programs are found. In order to classify this field, we will distinguish between: (1) cognitive training programs (programs that train basic cognitive strategies), (2) cognitive rehabilitation (mono or multidimensional programs on specific skills like memory, attention, arithmetic, etc.), and (3) cognitive stimulation (continuous practice programs or use of external resources).
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Cold Start (Computing)
Cold start is a potential problem in computer-based information systems which involve a degree of automated data modelling. Specifically, it concerns the issue that the system cannot draw any inferences for users or items about which it has not yet gathered sufficient information.
  • 267
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Cold War (General Term)
A cold war is a state of conflict between nations that does not involve direct military action but is pursued primarily through economic and political actions, propaganda, acts of espionage or proxy wars waged by surrogates. This term is most commonly used to refer to the American-Soviet Cold War of 1947–1991. The surrogates are typically states that are satellites of the conflicting nations, i.e., nations allied to them or under their political influence. Opponents in a cold war will often provide economic or military aid, such as weapons, tactical support or military advisors, to lesser nations involved in conflicts with the opposing country.
  • 1.5K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Cold-Chain Logistics Management and Transportation Safety
COVID-19 vaccines have become pivotal in combating the pandemic since 2019. However, risks stemming from human errors, equipment malfunctions, and emergencies during cold-chain transportation can jeopardize vaccine security without effective safety standards. 
  • 170
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Collaboration between Hotel Frontline Employees and Service Robots
With the increasing adoption of frontline service robots (FLSR) in hospitality workplaces, collaboration between frontline employees (FLE) and FLSR has become a necessity. Existing literature focuses on the customer perspective of FLSR. The chapters herein explain the mechanisms through which employees’ willingness to collaborate with FLSR are built. By incorporating robot service capability and perceived risk as external variables into a technology acceptance model, researchers investigated the mechanisms of FLE’s willingness to collaborate with FLSR. The results showed that the service capability of FLSR plays a significant role in increasing FLE’s willingness to collaborate, whereas perceived risk decreases their willingness to collaborate. These results indicate that the level of service capability of FLSR and the management of perceived risk are important in shaping FLE's positive attitudes toward collaborating with FLSR. 
  • 277
  • 02 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Collaboration Quality in Project-Based Learning under Group Awareness
Project-based learning (PBL) is an important form of collaborative learning that has a significant positive impact on student capacity development. Collaboration quality greatly influences the success of the collaboration, and various methods have been employed to examine collaboration quality. Group awareness encompasses the process through which individuals form a perception of the collective team and its overall situation.
  • 258
  • 28 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Collaborationism
Collaborationism is cooperation with the enemy against one's country of citizenship in wartime. The term is most often used to describe the cooperation of civilians with the occupying Axis Powers, especially Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan, during World War II. Motivations for collaboration by citizens and organizations included nationalism, ethnic hatred, anti-communism, antisemitism, opportunism, self-defense, or often a combination of these factors. Some collaborators in World War II committed war crimes, crimes against humanity, or atrocities such as the Holocaust. More often collaborators simply "went along to get along," attempting to benefit from the occupation or simply survive. The definition of collaborationism is imprecise and subject to interpretation. Stanley Hoffmann subdivided collaboration into involuntary (reluctant recognition of necessity) and voluntary (an attempt to exploit necessity). According to him, collaborationism can be either servile or ideological. Servile is service to an enemy based on necessity for personal survival or comfort, whereas ideological is advocacy for cooperation with an enemy power. In contrast, Bertram Gordon used the terms "collaborator" and "collaborationist" for non-ideological and ideological collaborations, respectively. James Mace Ward has asserted that, while collaboration is often equated with treason, there was "legitimate collaboration" between civilian internees (mostly Americans) in the Philippines and their Japanese captors for mutual benefit and to enhance the possibilities of the internees to survive. Collaboration with the Axis Powers in Europe and Asia existed in varying degrees in all the occupied countries. Although the United Kingdom and the United States were never occupied, a British dependency, the Channel Islands near France, was under German occupation and thousands of American civilians in Asia were interned by Japan. With the defeat of the Axis, collaborators were often punished by public humiliation, imprisonment, and execution. In France, 10,500 collaborators are estimated to have been executed, some after legal proceedings, others extrajudicially. The opposite of collaborationism in World War II was "resistance", a term which also has a broad range of meaning and interpretations.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Collaborative Platforms for Sustainable E-Learning in Higher Education
E-learning platforms have become more and more complex. Their functionality included in learning management systems is extended with collaborative platforms, which allow better communication, group collaboration, and face-to-face lectures. Universities are facing the challenge of advanced use of these platforms to fulfil sustainable learning goals. Better usability and attractiveness became essential in successful e-learning platforms, especially due to the more intensive interactivity expected from students.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Aug 2022
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