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Topic Review
Declaration of War
A declaration of war is a formal act by which one state goes to war against another. The declaration is a performative speech act (or the signing of a document) by an authorized party of a national government, in order to create a state of war between two or more states. The legality of who is competent to declare war varies between nations and forms of government. In many nations, that power is given to the head of state or sovereign. In other cases, something short of a full declaration of war, such as a letter of marque or a covert operation, may authorise war-like acts by privateers or mercenaries. The official international protocol for declaring war was defined in the Hague Convention (III) of 1907 on the Opening of Hostilities. Since 1945, developments in international law such as the United Nations Charter, which prohibits both the threat and the use of force in international conflicts, have made declarations of war largely obsolete in international relations. The UN Security Council, under powers granted in articles 24 and 25, and Chapter VII of the Charter, may authorize collective action to maintain or enforce international peace and security. Article 51 of the United Nations (UN) Charter also states that: "Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right to individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a state." Few nations have formally declared war upon another since then. In addition to this, non-state or terrorist organizations may claim to or be described as "declaring war" when engaging in violent acts. These declarations may have no legal standing in themselves, but they may still act as a call to arms for supporters of these organizations.
  • 6.5K
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Peace Treaty
A peace treaty is an agreement between two or more hostile parties, usually countries or governments, which formally ends a state of war between the parties. It is different from an armistice, which is an agreement to stop hostilities; a surrender, in which an army agrees to give up arms; or a ceasefire or truce, in which the parties may agree to temporarily or permanently stop fighting. The art of negotiating a peace treaty in the modern era has been referred to by legal scholar Christine Bell as the lex pacificatoria, with a peace treaty potentially contributing to the legal framework governing the post conflict period, or jus post bellum.
  • 6.4K
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Youth's Vision:Significance of China's Development to the World
As young people in Africa, we hope to make use of China's development experience and achievements, strive to develop Africa, catch up with the pace of world development, and promote China-Africa friendship.
  • 1.9K
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Visegrád Group
The Visegrád Group, Visegrád Four, or V4, is a cultural and political alliance of four Central European countries – the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia, that are members of the European Union (EU) and NATO – for the purposes of advancing military, cultural, economic and energy cooperation with one another along with furthering their integration in the EU. The Group traces its origins to the summit meetings of leaders from Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland held in the Hungarian castle-town of Visegrád on 15 February 1991. Visegrád was chosen as the location for the 1991 meeting as an intentional allusion to the medieval Congress of Visegrád in 1335 between John I of Bohemia, Charles I of Hungary and Casimir III of Poland. After the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993, the Czech Republic and Slovakia became independent members of the group, thus increasing the number of members from three to four. All four members of the Visegrád Group joined the European Union on 1 May 2004.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Technology, Policy, and Market Trends of NGV Batteries
In recent years, with the rapid spread of next-generation vehicles (NGVs), China, Japan, and South Korea (CJK) have been leading the development of vehicle batteries. For NGV batteries, higher energy density, higher safety, and longer lifespan are important issues in the future. Along with the construction of recycling and reuse systems, it is expected that the vehicle battery market will further expand in countries around the world in respect to their own characteristics of specific development strategies and policy trends.
  • 674
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
The Just Digital Framework and an 18th SDG
In the two decades since the establishment of the 2030 Agenda, the world has faced significant challenges to achieve the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Before COVID-19, the SDGs were not on track to be achieved, and disruptions in implementation resulting from the pandemic have had significant effects, turning back years of progress. The pandemic has highlighted the essential nature of digital technologies in advancing the SDGs, continuing education, including higher education, social, and commercial activities, as well as enabling people to participate in society, democracy, and the economy during crises. As humanity enters this new period and begins to reset after the ‘great pause’, it is imperative to reconsider how the digital revolution has affected progress, especially in realizing the SDGs. Digital inclusion and connectivity inform and are essential to achieve all of the Goals. 
  • 650
  • 05 Mar 2022
Topic Review
UN and COVID-19: Economic Stimulation in Fragile States
United Nations support for fragile economies to overcome COVID-19's economic impact .
  • 597
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Europe Food Security in the Prolonged Russian–Ukrainian Conflict
The ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine, two major agricultural powers, has numerous severe socio-economic consequences that are presently being felt worldwide and that are undermining the functioning of the global food system. The war has also had a profound impact on the European food system. Indeed, the European agricultural industry is a net importer of several commodities, such as inputs and animal feed. This vulnerability, combined with the high costs of inputs such as fertilizers and energy, creates production difficulties for farmers and threatens to drive up food prices, affecting food affordability and access. Higher input prices increase production costs and, ultimately, inflation. This may affect food security and increase (food) poverty.
  • 596
  • 13 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Aerial Bombardment and International Law
Air warfare must comply with laws and customs of war, including international humanitarian law by protecting the victims of the conflict and refraining from attacks on protected persons. These restraints on aerial warfare are covered by the general laws of war, because unlike war on land and at sea—which are specifically covered by rules such as the 1907 Hague Convention and Protocol I additional to the Geneva Conventions, which contain pertinent restrictions, prohibitions and guidelines—there are no treaties specific to aerial warfare. To be legal, aerial operations must comply with the principles of humanitarian law: military necessity, distinction, and proportionality: An attack or action must be intended to help in the military defeat of the enemy; it must be an attack on a military objective, and the harm caused to civilians or civilian property must be proportional and not excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated.
  • 575
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Challenges behind the Implementation of the Precautionary Principle
Having examined the implementation of the precautionary principle in law making, law enforcement, and judicial application, it can be concluded that the principle has not been effectively implemented, at least not in law enforcement and judicial application stages. Before proposing any recommendations to improve the situation, this article identified two key challenges behind current implementation status. One is about the complexity of the principle itself, and the other is about the political willingness.
  • 569
  • 21 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Sanctions Effectiveness
As the context of geopolitical instability has worsened, economic sanctions have become an increasingly used instrument to condition international economic relations and the global strategies of the great powers. Thus, the study of the types of sanctions and the mechanisms that contribute to their effectiveness has become an increasingly relevant topic.
  • 527
  • 24 May 2023
Topic Review
Environmental Security
Researchers offer an overview of the development of the concepts "environmental security" and "climate change security" in the scholarly community as well as in the EU security agenda.
  • 482
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Techno-Nationalism and Country of Origin
Techno-nationalism is a viewpoint that emphasizes the importance of domestic control over technology and the digital economy as a means to achieve national security and economic prosperity. It advocates for policies that support national technological advancement, protect against foreign dependency, and prioritize the development of domestic technological capabilities. The country of origin (COO) concept is crucial as it directly impacts economic independence and technological supremacy. By understanding and controlling the COO of technological products and services, a nation can reduce dependency on external tech suppliers and foster domestic innovation. Furthermore, the COO may be essential in protecting national digital infrastructure from potential foreign cyber threats and improving national cybersecurity culture. A framework is introduced with a multi-faceted approach for assessing the country of origin of digital products, incorporating 19 parameters that consider the complexities of hardware, software, and data sources.
  • 336
  • 04 Feb 2024
Topic Review
AI Transforming Cameroon’s Counter-Terrorism and Public Safety Strategy
This paper by Dr. Nouridin Melo examines the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in enhancing Cameroon’s counter-terrorism and public safety strategies, particularly in response to threats from Boko Haram in the Far North. It highlights the limitations of traditional security approaches, which rely heavily on human resources and often fail to adapt quickly to insurgent tactics. By leveraging AI technologies such as predictive analytics, real-time surveillance, and data mining, the study proposes a phased strategy for AI adoption tailored to Cameroon’s specific context. Recommendations include strengthening data privacy laws and investing in targeted AI training for security personnel. Ultimately, the research aims to position AI as a key component of Cameroon’s security framework, improving its ability to respond to threats and establishing it as a regional leader in AI-integrated security solutions.
  • 26
  • 01 Nov 2024
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