Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Oral Probiotics and Allergic Rhinitis
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a respiratory disease caused by an IgE-mediated inflammatory process mediated by one or more antigens (allergens) against which the subject is sensitized. The most common symptoms are rhinorrhea, sneezing, itching, nasal obstruction, and frequent conjunctivitis. However, drugs used to treat AR may accompany adverse side effects (e.g., dry mouth, drowsiness, dizziness related to anti-H1 drugs). The use of probiotics as an additional option is increasing globally. The consumption of probiotics is expected to modulate immune responses in AR patients, reduce the damage caused by inflammation, and restore a balanced gut microbiota. Gut microbiota is known to function as immunomodulator, barrier, and protective tool against infections. It is constituted of more than a trillion microorganisms reunited in a complex and dynamic ecosystem, regulating the immune system and systemic physiology.
  • 426
  • 16 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Dysfunction in Phagocytes
Cystic fibrosis (CF), the most common genetically inherited disease in Caucasian populations, is a multi-systemic life-threatening autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. In 2012, the arrival of CFTR modulators (potentiators, correctors, amplifiers, stabilizers, and read-through agents) revolutionized the therapeutic approach to CF.
  • 425
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Absorption and Bioavailability of Preterm Infants' Pharmacokinetics
Drug absorption is the process of drug transportation from the site of administration to the systemic circulation and the fraction of unmetabolized drug that reaches the systemic blood flow is bioavailability. It is affected by multiple facrtors, including age. The process of maturation of organs and systems in newborns contributes to the changes in the drugs absorption, and variability is also seen between full term and preterm infants in this respect. 
  • 422
  • 28 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Fontan System in Univentricular Hearts in Heart Transplantation
The Fontan procedure (FP) is the standard surgical treatment for Univentricular heart diseases. Over time, the Fontan system fails, leading to pathologies such as protein-losing enteropathy (PLE), plastic bronchitis (PB), and heart failure (HF). FP should be considered as a transitional step to the final treatment: heart transplantation (HT). 
  • 419
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Treatment of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
The management of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) is varied and involves a combination of nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapy. The treatment goals for NAS include preventing NAS-associated complications and restoring normal newborn activities, such as nutrition intake, weight gain, sleep, and adjustment to the social environment. As with all pharmacological treatments, the potential risks and benefits of treatment must be considered for each patient.
  • 419
  • 29 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Blood Transfusion Donor Sex Influences Newborn Outcomes
The risk of both short- and long-term mortality increases with each red blood cell (RBC) transfusion exposure in critically ill patients. In the extremely preterm newborn, one of the most heavily transfused patient groups, observational data has proposed that the association between RBC transfusion and adverse neonatal outcomes may be influenced by donor sex, although the data remains limited.
  • 416
  • 27 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Prevention of Obesity in Prader–Willi Syndrome
Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is a complex genetic disorder which involves the endocrine and neurologic systems, metabolism, and behavior. It is to summarize current knowledge on dietary management and treatment of PWS and, in particular, to prevent excessive weight gain. Growth hormone (GH) therapy is the recommended standard treatment for PWS children, because it improves body composition (by changing the proportion of body fat and lean body mass specifically by increasing muscle mass and energy expenditure), linear growth, and in infants, it promotes psychomotor and IQ development.
  • 415
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Human Breast Milk for Very Preterm Neonates
Prematurity is the leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years old and a main reason for morbidity in the pediatric population. Annually, almost 15 million neonates are born prematurely (before 37 week of gestation), and the prevalence is increasing every year. According to World Health Organization (WHO), among 184 countries, the percentage of preterm birth ranges between 5% and 18%. In Greece, 4.7% of total births were premature between the years 1980 and 2008, with the percentage of prematurity reaching 9.6% in 2008. Very preterm neonates (<32 weeks of gestation) and extremely preterm neonates (<28 weeks of gestation) account for about 10% and 5%, respectively, of all premature neonates, with their morbidity and mortality being inversely related with gestation age.
  • 413
  • 26 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Pharmacological Treatment of Pediatric Asthma
Bronchial asthma is one of the most common chronic conditions in pediatric practice, with increasing prevalence hampered by poor socioeconomic impacts, leading to major public health issues. Considered as a complex heterogeneous syndrome, not a single disease, the management of the disease is a real challenge, impacting medical staff, patients and caregivers. 
  • 413
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Vertical Infection of Newborns
Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19), has been isolated from various tissues and body fluids, including the placenta, amniotic fluid, and umbilical cord of newborns. Much scientific effort has been directed toward studying SARS-CoV-2, focusing on the different features of the virus, such as its structure and mechanisms of action. In addition, a great deal of emphasis has been placed on creating reliable diagnostic techniques and different drugs or vaccinations for treating COVID-19 disease.
  • 413
  • 06 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Role of the Gut–Lung Axis in RTIs
Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. These infections can range from mild upper respiratory tract infections to severe and life-threatening pneumonia. A plethora of studies have described the relationship between gut microbiota (GM) composition and function and the development of various human diseases, focusing especially on the role of GM in regulating the immune system. Although the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood, there is mounting evidence that GM can modulate the immune function in distant mucosal sites such as the respiratory system, and therefore play a role in the development of RTIs.
  • 412
  • 02 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Risk Factors for Developing Severe Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia is an often-observed acute complication in the management of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. It causes inappropriate glycemic outcomes and may impair the quality of life in the patients. Severe hypoglycemia with cognitive impairment, such as a convulsion and coma, is a lethal condition and is associated with later-onset cognitive impairment and brain-structural abnormalities, especially in young children. Therefore, reducing the frequency of hypoglycemia and minimizing the occurrence of severe hypoglycemia are critical issues in the management of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
  • 412
  • 14 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Decrease the Antibiotic Burden Related Early-Onset Neonatal Sepsis
The difficulty in recognizing early-onset neonatal sepsis (EONS) in a timely manner due to non-specific symptoms and the limitations of diagnostic tests, combined with the risk of serious consequences if EONS is not treated in a timely manner, has resulted in a low threshold for starting empirical antibiotic treatment. New guideline strategies, such as the neonatal sepsis calculator, have been proven to reduce the antibiotic burden related to EONS, but lack sensitivity for detecting EONS. 
  • 412
  • 04 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota in the Infants' First 1000 Days
The first 1000 days after birth represent a critical window for gut microbiome development, which is essential for immune system maturation and overall health. The gut microbiome undergoes major changes during this period due to shifts in diet and environment. Disruptions to the microbiota early in life can have lasting health effects, including increased risks of inflammatory disorders, autoimmune diseases, neurological disorders, and obesity. Maternal and environmental factors during pregnancy and infancy shape the infant gut microbiota.
  • 411
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Clinical Manifestations of Kawasaki Disease
Kawasaki disease is a systemic idiopathic febrile vasculitis that often affects children under 5 years. In Japan back in 1961, KD was initially reported and subsequently recognised based on the profiling of 50 patients with a similar phenotype by Dr Tomisaku Kawasaki in 1967. Kawasaki disease was then identified as the most common cause of acquired heart disease in paediatric populations as it would subsequently result in coronary artery aneurysms if left untreated.
  • 408
  • 10 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Treatment of X-Linked Hypophosphatemia in Children
The conventional treatment for X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH), consisting of phosphorus supplementation and a biologically active form of vitamin D (alfacalcidol or calcitriol), is used to treat rickets and leg deformities and promote growth. However, patients’ adult height often remains less than −2 SD. Moreover, adverse events, such as renal calcification and hyperparathyroidism, may occur. The main pathology in XLH is caused by excessive production of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). Treatment with burosumab, a blocking neutralizing antibody against FGF23, is better than conventional therapy for severe XLH and has no serious, short-term side effects. Thus, treatment with burosumab may be an option for severe XLH. 
  • 404
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
The Role of Nutrition in Cardiovascular Damage
The cardiovascular system is a well-known target of antineoplastic treatments, including anthracyclines, chest radiotherapy and new molecules, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Researchers investigated nutritional changes in children with cancer from the diagnosis to the end of treatment and dietary habits in cancer survivors. At diagnosis, children with cancer may present variable degrees of malnutrition, potentially affecting drug tolerability and prognosis. 
  • 388
  • 31 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Sex-Specific Effects of Nutritional Supplements for Infants
Neonatal nutritional supplements may improve early growth for infants born small, but effects on long-term growth are unclear and may differ by sex. Macronutrient supplementation for infants born small may not alter BMI in childhood. Supplementation increased growth in infancy, but these effects did not persist in later life. The effects did not differ between boys and girls. 
  • 387
  • 24 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Posterior Fossa Tumor Rehabilitation
Pediatric brain tumors are the leading cause of solid tumor mortality in childhood. Tumors of the skull base, such as posterior fossa tumors, were, in the past, associated with a poor prognosis. The evolution of surgical techniques, together with the greater knowledge of the anatomy and phisiology of these diseases and the progress made in diagnostic techniques, now allow treatments that are also curative.
  • 379
  • 12 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Nasal Nitric Oxide in Children
Nasal nitric oxide (nNO) is a gas synthesized by the inducible and constitutive NO synthase (NOS) enzyme in the airway cells of the nasal mucosa. Like lung nitric oxide, it is thought to be associated with airway inflammation in various respiratory diseases in children. 
  • 375
  • 18 Oct 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 13
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
ScholarVision Creations
Feedback