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Topic Review
Consultant
A consultant (from Latin: consultare "to deliberate") is a professional who provides expert advice in a particular area such as business, education, law, regulatory compliance, human resources, marketing (and public relations), finance, health care, engineering, science, security (electronic or physical), or any of many other specialized fields. A consultant is usually an expert or an experienced professional in a specific field and has a wide knowledge of the subject matter. The role of consultant outside the medical sphere (where the term is used specifically for a grade of doctor) can fall under one of two general categories: internal consultant and external consultant. By hiring a consultant, clients have access to deeper levels of expertise than would be financially feasible for them to retain in-house on a long-term basis. Moreover, clients can control their expenditures on consulting services by only purchasing as much services from the outside consultant as desired. Consultants provide their advice to their clients in a variety of forms. Reports and presentations are often used. However, in some specialized fields, the consultant may develop customized software or other products for the client. Depending on the nature of the consulting services and the wishes of the client, the advice from the consultant may be made public, by placing the report or presentation online, or the advice may be kept confidential, and only given to the senior executives of the organization paying for the consulting services.
  • 612
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Masstige Luxury Buying Behavior
The luxury product market has experienced a rapid growth in the last twenty years in the world. A new model derived from Behavioral Reasoning Theory (BRT) to examine the purchasing behavior of masstige jewelry consumers. The suggested model provides a more comprehensive understanding of the determinants of purchasing masstige products by considering values and reasons in addition to the global motives and intention.
  • 612
  • 07 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Sustainable Open Innovations
A major significant contribution of the open innovation paradigm is the ability or opportunity for firms to share knowledge and learn to improve on their innovative activities through sourcing of external knowledge or the utilization of the abundant pool of knowledge within the firm. This flow of the most important factor in the open knowledge economy, however, needs focus and institutional backing. Properly designed institutions induce innovation as a matter of competitive necessity. However, weak institutions make transactions within and across firms uncertain and costly, which restricts exchange possibilities.
  • 606
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Nature Positive in Business
The concept of nature positive has recently emerged from the widespread recognition of the global scale at which nature is being lost and the threat this poses to the collective survival of the human race. Much of the interest in nature positive reflects the initial commitment to it by conservation organisations and by a number of international political initiatives. However, the pursuit of nature positive approaches by businesses has received little attention in the business and management literature. Building upon an analysis of secondary sources, this entry paper first examines how three international organisations suggest a nature positive strategy could be pursued. This paper then focuses on two multinational companies and how they plan to pursue a nature positive approach to their business activities. This article identifies a number of critical factors in developing a nature positive strategy: incorporating suppliers in this strategy, assessing corporate dependencies and impacts on nature, and reporting on nature positive initiatives and outcomes. At the same time, this article raises concerns that nature positive approaches could be driven more by business imperatives rather than fundamental corporate concerns about biodiversity and that many business commitments to nature positive could be seen as mainly aspirational.
  • 600
  • 06 May 2024
Topic Review
Implementing and Monitoring Circular Business Models
The transition from a linear to a circular economy (CE) is at the center of the debate among institutions, enterprises, practitioners, and scholars. The CE emphasizes the importance of closing material loops, pointing out the need to shift from a “take and discard” logic to a “reuse, recycle, and recover” logic. Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), with their high presence in the business environment, play a pivotal role in the successful implementation of CE principles. This is particularly true in Italy, where flexibility, creativity and speedy decision-making characterizing a large number of SMEs make them the ideal candidates to guide the transition to a CE.
  • 598
  • 31 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Consumer-Based Brand Equity Powered by Value Co-Creation
Unprecedented communication features of social media noticeably reinforce the active role of consumers in the value co-creation (VCC) of offline and online brands including social media. From the consumer perspective, this study examines a contribution of VCC behavior to consumer-based brand equity (CBBE) and consequent intention to use social media based on Instagram as the most popular platform in Kazakhstan.
  • 597
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Knowledge Management and Tourism Business Enterprise Competitiveness
There has been a growing interest in understanding the correlation concerning knowledge management and competitiveness more so in the area of tourism. A synthesis on theoretical nexus of knowledge management and tourism business enterprise competitiveness is provided by giving an integrated overview of four micro economic related theories that influence competitiveness and knowledge management. 
  • 597
  • 03 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Cluster Internationalization
An industrial cluster is the internationalization of a regional industry cluster as a whole, rather than a single enterprise, in a multi-dimensional and structured manner that is extensive and in-depth to penetrate its business activities into the international market, and providing the cluster with a wealth of explicit and implicit knowledge, innovative ideas, professional skills, as well as the existing knowledge, making cluster members strengthen the process of cooperation network and social capital. It is not only a process that can reflect the enhancement of the main body’s competitiveness, but also shows a result. 
  • 593
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
The Intellectual Domains of Sustainability Leadership in SMEs
The intertwined range of conceptualizations that have blurred developing knowledge regarding environmental sustainability. An examination of the leadership literature reveals differential descriptions about sustainable, environmental, and sustainability leadership which are increasingly being used to imply what sustainability-focused leaders do, their interactions, their relationships, and how they address sustainable challenges. While extant research supports that leadership is a critical capability to respond and adapt to constant external environmental and economic upheaval in large firms, agreement about the types of leadership practices necessary to achieve positive environmental sustainability and eco-efficient outcomes is less clear in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). To resolve these problems, researchers synthesize the sustainable, environmental and sustainability leadership literature by (a) reviewing and clarifying these leadership constructs, (b) theoretically unravelling these overlapping concepts, and (c) developing an integrated framework of intellectual capital and sustainability leadership practices. The entry is designed to advance a new way of thinking about sustainability leadership by presenting an original contribution that alters and reorganizes potential causal maps, that are potentially more valuable. Whilst most of the leadership research involves large firms, researchers seek to better understand and inform sustainability leadership in SMEs. 
  • 589
  • 24 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Organic Food
The International Federation of Organic Movements (2018) defines organic agriculture as “a production system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems and people; relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions, rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects; and combines tradition, innovation and science to benefit the shared environment and promote fair relationships and a good quality of life for all involved.” The requirements for organic produce differ globally. Though the schemes have some differences, the requirements generally forbid “synthetic pesticides or fertilizers or routine use of antibiotics or growth hormones”.
  • 581
  • 21 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Unconventional Tourism Services Based on Autonomous Vehicles
The spread of autonomous vehicles (AVs) could fundamentally change tourism-related mobility in the near future. However, the empirical research on tourism impacts is still very limited. 
  • 581
  • 31 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Sustainable Agro-Food Consumption
Sustainable agro-food consumption is a model intended to conserve the resources of today for future need. Consumers play a crucial role in transitioning towards sustainable food consumption, as they judge the attributes of products on the market and are the final decision-makers when it comes to changing consumption habits. Consequently, investigations on agro-food consumption from consumers’ perspectives are of great value.
  • 581
  • 07 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Cloud Enterprise Resource Planning
Cloud enterprise resource planning (ERP) is one of the most sought-after information technology (IT) solutions for improving business performance due to its affordability, scalability, and pay-per-use subscription model. The impact of cloud ERP implementation on business performance, on the other hand, remains inconclusive. Additionally, an important factor that transverses all organizational processes, including IT implementation, is top management support (TMS).
  • 576
  • 20 May 2022
Topic Review
Lien
A lien (/ˈliːn/ or /ˈliːən/)[Note 1] is a form of security interest granted over an item of property to secure the payment of a debt or performance of some other The owner of the property, who grants the lien, is referred to as the lienee and the person who has the benefit of the lien is referred to as the lienor or lien holder. The etymological root is Anglo-French lien, loyen "bond", "restraint", from Latin ligamen, from ligare "to bind". In the United States , the term lien generally refers to a wide range of encumbrances and would include other forms of mortgage or charge. In the US, a lien characteristically refers to nonpossessory security interests (see generally: Security interest—categories). In other common-law countries, the term lien refers to a very specific type of security interest, being a passive right to retain (but not sell) property until the debt or other obligation is discharged. In contrast to the usage of the term in the US, in other countries it refers to a purely possessory form of security interest; indeed, when possession of the property is lost, the lien is released. However, common-law countries also recognize a slightly anomalous form of security interest called an "equitable lien" which arises in certain rare instances. Despite their differences in terminology and application, there are a number of similarities between liens in the US and elsewhere in the common-law world.
  • 570
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Digital Culture, Knowledge, and Commitment to Digital Transformation
Digital culture (DC) is considered an important and integral part of any organization’s strategy and dynamics, together with knowledge, learning, and continuous improvement. They are key concepts that enable companies to keep up with mature and competitive markets and to be fully adapted to constantly changing scenarios.
  • 570
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Disaster Microinsurance
Disaster microinsurance can play an important role for low-income households, particularly in enhancing their resilience toward natural hazards. This insurance is a specific type of microinsurance that can be defined as an insurance for low-income people, to help them to manage risks and vulnerability toward local natural shocks. In other words, disaster microinsurance is a type of risk transfer mechanism specifically designed for low-income people who live in disaster-prone areas. The product of this microinsurance may cover financial losses caused by a large natural hazard event in terms of income, house, livestock, or other crops. This microinsurance is also known as a component of integrated disaster risk management frameworks that involve risk reduction, disaster preparedness, and risk transfer.
  • 566
  • 23 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Social Entrepreneurship Opportunities via Distant Socialization
Social entrepreneurs are catalysts for social change on account of social value creation and opportunity identification, thereby improving the quality of life. Their contribution to society is particularly significant in times of crises and pandemics. Hence, the world health crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has increased the need for social entrepreneurship across the globe. ICT-based services and industry 4.0 hold a promising future during and post-COVID-19 scenario. They can facilitate a transformation of the threats of social distancing into distant socialization benefits and demand fulfillment.
  • 562
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
The Concept of Local Wisdom-Based Corporate Social Responsibility
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) refers to actions taken by companies through socially responsible behaviour toward society, with a focus on economic, social, and environmental concerns. Local wisdom is needed to make corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities benefit local communities.
  • 562
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Circular Economy and Circular Business Model
Circular business models (CBMs) are integral to the concept of the circular economy (CE). 
  • 561
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Resilience (Organizational)
Organizational resilience is defined as "the ability of a system to withstand changes in its environment and still function". It is a capability that involves organizations either being able to endure the environmental changes without having to permanently adapt, or the organization is forced to adapt a new way of working that better suits the new environmental conditions. In recent years, a new consensus of the concept of resilience emerged as a practical response to the decreasing lifespan of organisations and from the key stakeholders, including boards, governments, regulators, shareholders, staff, suppliers and customers to effectively address the issues of security, preparedness, risk, and survivability. An organization that realizes the benefits of the above definitions of resilience will have a high likelihood of maintaining a successful and thriving enterprise. Previously, it was considered that 'organisational resilience' could only be generated from processes and functions such as Risk Management, Business Continuity, IT Disaster Recovery, Crisis Management, Information Security, Operational continuity, Physical Security and so on. These are recognised as key contributors to operational resilience, and “the positive ability of a system or company to adapt itself to the consequences of a catastrophic failure caused by power outage, a fire, a bomb or similar” event or as "the ability of a [system] to cope with change". However, research from many academics including as Hamel & Valikangas in the Harvard Business Review, Boin, Comfort & Demchak and research facility ResOrgs has influenced understanding and lead to new viewpoints on resilience, including that from the BSI Group, being developed by ISO, the Australian government, ResOrgs, ICSA, and professional services firms such as PwC, all of which recognises that processes and functions are but one element of an organisation's resilience web.
  • 558
  • 19 Oct 2022
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