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Topic Review
Impaction Bone Grafting for Acetabular Bone Loss
Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is increasingly performed in young patients and the number of revisions is estimated to rise over time. Acetabular osteolysis and bone loss are frequently encountered during revision and may be classified and treated in different ways. Impaction bone grafting (IBG) with morselized allograft offers a viable option. IBG was introduced over 40 years ago in combination with cemented cups, and is also used with uncemented cups. 
  • 633
  • 10 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Osteogenesis in Healthy and Senescent Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are stem cells with the potential ability to differentiate into various cells and the ability to self-renew and resemble fibroblasts. These cells can adhere to plastic to facilitate the culture process. MSCs can be used in research into tissue biotechnology and rejuvenation medicine. MSCs are also beneficial in recipient tissue and differentiate as a breakthrough strategy through paracrine activity.
  • 618
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Biofeedback in Patellofemoral Pain Conservative Treatment
atellofemoral pain syndrome is typical of active young adults, manifesting as retro patellar or peripatellar pain. It usually begins slowly and progresses with a gradual increase in pain. Often atraumatic, it has been linked to increased weight bearing on the patellofemoral joint.
  • 612
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Management of Osteosarcoma
Osteosarcoma is a rare malignancy arising from mesenchymal tissue, and represents the most common bone sarcoma. The management of osteosarcoma is challenging, and requires a multidisciplinary approach. In daily clinical practice, surgery, radiotherapy, and conventional chemotherapy constitute the therapeutic armamentarium against the disease.
  • 610
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Trauma-Related Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a group of symptoms that result from compression of the neurovascular bundle that exits the thoracic outlet. The thoracic outlet is defined as an anatomical area in the lower neck, extended from the supraclavicular fossa to the axilla, and consists of three main spaces, the interscalene triangle, the costoclavicular, and the subcoracoid space. These confined spaces go through relevant structures, which include the subclavian and axillary arteries, their venous counterparts, and the brachial plexus (BP).
  • 602
  • 07 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Physical Therapy Interventions of Osteoarthritis
The number of treatments for OA is extensive, but the effectiveness behind many of them is sporadic. Regarding the Physical Therapy Interventions, one of the best ways to measure the efficiency is the WOMAC (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index) score. The minimum clinical efficiency associated is roughly a decrease of 20% for each WOMAC sub-scales. 
  • 597
  • 13 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Venous Thromboembolisms (VTEs) in Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA)
The entry provides a comprehensive overview of Venous Thromboembolisms (VTEs) in Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA), a significant orthopedic procedure. It begins by highlighting the persistent threat of VTEs despite improvements in surgical techniques and preventive measures. The prevalence and incidence of VTEs are discussed, showcasing a notable decrease over the years. The clinical significance of VTEs, including their impact on patient outcomes and healthcare costs, is emphasized, underscoring the need for effective management strategies. Various risk factors contributing to VTE development post-TKA are explored, including demographic factors, cardiopulmonary status, preoperative mobilization status, and malignancy. The section on prevention outlines existing guidelines and challenges, with a focus on the efficacy and safety of aspirin as a prophylactic agent. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive approach to address VTEs in TKA, encompassing evidence-based guidelines, personalized patient care, and strategies to enhance adherence to preventive measures.
  • 597
  • 30 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Management of Irreparable Posterosuperior Rotator Cuff Tears
Posterosuperior rotator cuff tears range among the most common causes of shoulder complaints. While non-operative treatment is typically reserved for the elderly patient with low functional demands, surgical treatment is considered the gold standard for active patients. More precisely, an anatomic rotator cuff repair (RCR) is considered the most desirable treatment option and should be generally attempted during surgery. If an anatomic RCR is impossible, the adequate choice of treatment for irreparable rotator cuff tears remains a matter of debate among shoulder surgeons. The management of irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears (RCTs) remains a challenge for shoulder surgeons and treatment strategies should be tailored to the individual patient.
  • 589
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Biopsy Techniques for Musculoskeletal Tumors
Biopsy is a pivotal component in the diagnostic process of bone and soft tissue tumors. The objective is to obtain adequate tissue without compromising local tumor dissemination and the patient’s survival.
  • 588
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Immunotherapy Innovations in the Fight against Osteosarcoma
Immunosuppressive elements within the tumor microenvironment are the primary drivers of tumorigenesis and malignant advancement. The presence, as well as the crosstalk between myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), osteosarcoma-associated macrophages (OS-Ms), regulatory T cells (Tregs), and endothelial cells (ECs) with osteosarcoma cells cause the poor prognosis of OS.
  • 575
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Management of Osteochondritis Dissecans and Avascular Necrosis
Musculoskeletal disorders, standing as the fifth leading cause of disability-adjusted life years globally, present significant challenges in orthopedics. Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) and avascular necrosis (AVN) are distinct but closely related conditions within this spectrum, impacting patients’ quality of life with pain, limited mobility, and dysfunction. OCD, involving cartilage and bone detachment in joints, predominantly affects young athletes, but its exact etiology and optimal management remain subjects of ongoing research. Conversely, AVN, marked by bone tissue death due to compromised blood supply, is linked to systemic factors like corticosteroid use and traumatic injuries. Diagnosis for both conditions relies on radiography and magnetic resonance imaging. Conservative treatment for AVN includes the use of a cane or crutches, pharmacological therapy, or physical therapy. On the other hand, in OCD, the primary approach is activity/sports restriction. Surgical treatment options for AVN patients encompass core decompression, bone grafting, or, in the most advanced cases, total hip arthroplasty. OCD may be surgically treated through subchondral drilling or fixation of unstable lesions. 
  • 572
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review
COVID-19-Infection- and Steroid-Treatment-Associated Bone Avascular Necrosis
The COVID-19 pandemic has presented numerous challenges to the global healthcare system and emerging evidence suggests a potential link between COVID-19 treatment, specifically steroid therapy, and the development of avascular necrosis (AVN) of the hip. Understanding the nuances of AVN in the context of COVID-19 is crucial for healthcare professionals to navigate treatment decisions and mitigate potential complications.
  • 557
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Pre-Procedure Preparation of Sacroplasty for Sacral Insufficiency Fractures
Sacral insufficiency fractures are disabling injuries that may occur in the absence of trauma, or result from low-energy injuries such as ground level falls. These fractures can cause severe lower back, buttock, and groin pain and are most commonly identified among older women diagnosed with osteoporosis. Sacroplasty is a minimally invasive procedure for treating sacral insufficiency fractures that involves placement of polymethylmethacrylate cement into the sacral ala.
  • 555
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Machine Learning and Deep Learning in Spinal Injury
The significant impact of machine learning and deep learning in spinal injury care are highlighted, focusing on diagnostic improvement and fracture prediction. Techniques like convolutional neural networks improve fracture detection, while machine learning methods offer prognostic insights, facilitating personalized care by analyzing imaging and clinical data.
  • 544
  • 04 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Ankle Arthropathy in Hereditary Hemochromatosis
Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is an autosomal recessive bleeding disorder characterized by tissue overload of iron. Clinical systemic manifestations in HH include liver disease, cardiomyopathy, skin pigmentation, diabetes mellitus, erectile dysfunction, hypothyroidism, and arthropathy. Arthropathy with joint pain is frequently reported at diagnosis and mainly involves the metacarpophalangeal and ankle joints, and more rarely, the hip and knee. Symptoms in ankle joints are in most cases non-specific, and they can range from pain and swelling of the ankle to deformities and joint destruction. Furthermore, the main radiological signs do not differ from those of primary osteoarthritis (OA). Limited data are available in the literature regarding treatment; surgery seems to be the gold standard for ankle arthropathy in HH. 
  • 541
  • 21 Sep 2023
Topic Review
IGF-1/PI3K/AKT/FOXO3 Axis in Sarcopenia
The high prevalence of sarcopenia in an aging population has an underestimated impact on quality of life by increasing the risk of falls and subsequent hospitalization. Unfortunately, the application of the major established key therapeutic—physical activity—is challenging in the immobile and injured sarcopenic patient. Consequently, novel therapeutic directions are needed. The transcription factor Forkhead-Box-Protein O3 (FOXO3) may be an option, as it and its targets have been observed to be more highly expressed in sarcopenic muscle.
  • 536
  • 20 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Albumin and Globulin for Diagnosing Periprosthetic Joint Infection
Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is one of the most intractable orthopedic diseases, partly because of the difficulty in differentiating septic from aseptic conditions. serum albumin (Alb), globulin (Glb), and Alb–Glb ratio (AGR) levels in combination with C-reactive protein (CRP) levels are feasible and accurate diagnostic markers for PJI and can improve the preoperative diagnostic accuracy of PJI.
  • 534
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Pedicle Screw Placement for Treating Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
Posterior spinal fusion (PSF) and segmental spinal instrumentation (SSI) using pedicle screws (PS) is the most used procedure to correct adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Computed navigation, robotic navigation, and patient-specific drill templates are available, besides the first described free-hand technique. None of these techniques are recognized as the gold standard. 
  • 527
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
3D Printing in Hip Surgery
Three-dimensional printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is the process of creating objects from a 3D digital model layer by layer. Its origin dates back to 1984, when Chuck Hall developed his patent “Apparatus for production of three-dimensional objects by stereolithography”. There are many surgical applications of 3D printing in hip surgery, most of them based on CT images. 
  • 516
  • 04 Feb 2024
Topic Review
The Role of Ultrasonography in Hip Impingement Syndromes
Hip pain is indubitably a frequent clinical problem deriving from copious etiologies. Hip impingement syndromes are one of the most prevalent causes of persistent groin pain, especially in young and active patients. Diligent imaging of the hip region is indispensable to discern femoroacetabular impingement, as the differential diagnosis of hip pain can be exceedingly arduous. 
  • 515
  • 23 Aug 2023
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