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Topic Review
Biopsy Techniques for Musculoskeletal Tumors
Biopsy is a pivotal component in the diagnostic process of bone and soft tissue tumors. The objective is to obtain adequate tissue without compromising local tumor dissemination and the patient’s survival.
  • 338
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Management of Osteosarcoma
Osteosarcoma is a rare malignancy arising from mesenchymal tissue, and represents the most common bone sarcoma. The management of osteosarcoma is challenging, and requires a multidisciplinary approach. In daily clinical practice, surgery, radiotherapy, and conventional chemotherapy constitute the therapeutic armamentarium against the disease.
  • 332
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Platelet-Rich Plasma Applications in Foot and Ankle
Platelet-rich plasma can be beneficial in treating various conditions, such as chronic foot ulcers, osteoarthritis, Achilles tendinopathy, etc. The platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy technique is still relatively new, yet it has already seen widespread application in the orthopedic field. Positive effects of PRP on various musculoskeletal conditions. PRP can be beneficial in treating various conditions, such as chronic foot ulcers, osteoarthritis, Achilles tendinopathy, etc. 
  • 323
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Pedicle Screw Placement for Treating Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
Posterior spinal fusion (PSF) and segmental spinal instrumentation (SSI) using pedicle screws (PS) is the most used procedure to correct adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Computed navigation, robotic navigation, and patient-specific drill templates are available, besides the first described free-hand technique. None of these techniques are recognized as the gold standard. 
  • 314
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Pre-Marketing Evidence on SMA Pharmacological Therapies
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a rare neuromuscular disease, with an estimated incidence of about 1 in 10,000 live births. To date, three orphan drugs have been approved for the treatment of SMA: nusinersen, onasemnogene abeparvovec, and risdiplam.
  • 311
  • 17 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Management of Osteochondritis Dissecans and Avascular Necrosis
Musculoskeletal disorders, standing as the fifth leading cause of disability-adjusted life years globally, present significant challenges in orthopedics. Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) and avascular necrosis (AVN) are distinct but closely related conditions within this spectrum, impacting patients’ quality of life with pain, limited mobility, and dysfunction. OCD, involving cartilage and bone detachment in joints, predominantly affects young athletes, but its exact etiology and optimal management remain subjects of ongoing research. Conversely, AVN, marked by bone tissue death due to compromised blood supply, is linked to systemic factors like corticosteroid use and traumatic injuries. Diagnosis for both conditions relies on radiography and magnetic resonance imaging. Conservative treatment for AVN includes the use of a cane or crutches, pharmacological therapy, or physical therapy. On the other hand, in OCD, the primary approach is activity/sports restriction. Surgical treatment options for AVN patients encompass core decompression, bone grafting, or, in the most advanced cases, total hip arthroplasty. OCD may be surgically treated through subchondral drilling or fixation of unstable lesions. 
  • 306
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Platelet Gel on Reconstructing Bone Defects and Nonunions
In ideal circumstances, a fractured bone can heal properly by itself or with the aid of clinical interventions. However, around 5% to 10% of bone fractures fail to heal properly within the expected time even with the aid of clinical interventions, resulting in nonunions. Platelet gel is a blood-derived biomaterial used in regenerative medicine aiming to promote wound healing and regeneration of damaged tissues. Most of the studies applied the combination of platelet gel and bone graft to reconstruct bone defects and nonunions, and most of the results were positive, suggesting that this treatment strategy could promote successful reconstruction of bone defects and nonunions. In conclusion, the application of platelet gel could be a promising and useful treatment method for reconstructing bone defects and nonunions, and more future clinical studies are encouraged to further investigate the effectiveness of this promising treatment method.
  • 289
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Albumin and Globulin for Diagnosing Periprosthetic Joint Infection
Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is one of the most intractable orthopedic diseases, partly because of the difficulty in differentiating septic from aseptic conditions. serum albumin (Alb), globulin (Glb), and Alb–Glb ratio (AGR) levels in combination with C-reactive protein (CRP) levels are feasible and accurate diagnostic markers for PJI and can improve the preoperative diagnostic accuracy of PJI.
  • 286
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Ankle Arthropathy in Hereditary Hemochromatosis
Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is an autosomal recessive bleeding disorder characterized by tissue overload of iron. Clinical systemic manifestations in HH include liver disease, cardiomyopathy, skin pigmentation, diabetes mellitus, erectile dysfunction, hypothyroidism, and arthropathy. Arthropathy with joint pain is frequently reported at diagnosis and mainly involves the metacarpophalangeal and ankle joints, and more rarely, the hip and knee. Symptoms in ankle joints are in most cases non-specific, and they can range from pain and swelling of the ankle to deformities and joint destruction. Furthermore, the main radiological signs do not differ from those of primary osteoarthritis (OA). Limited data are available in the literature regarding treatment; surgery seems to be the gold standard for ankle arthropathy in HH. 
  • 277
  • 21 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor and Oxidative Stress in Tendon Degeneration
Tendinopathy is a debilitating condition marked by degenerative changes in the tendons. Its complex pathophysiology involves intrinsic, extrinsic, and physiological factors. While its intrinsic and extrinsic factors have been extensively studied, the role of physiological factors, such as hypoxia and oxidative stress, remains largely unexplored.
  • 274
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Therapies in Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a rare skeletal dysplasia characterized as a heterogeneous disorder group with well-defined phenotypic and genetic features that share uncommon bone fragility. 
  • 274
  • 22 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Trauma-Related Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a group of symptoms that result from compression of the neurovascular bundle that exits the thoracic outlet. The thoracic outlet is defined as an anatomical area in the lower neck, extended from the supraclavicular fossa to the axilla, and consists of three main spaces, the interscalene triangle, the costoclavicular, and the subcoracoid space. These confined spaces go through relevant structures, which include the subclavian and axillary arteries, their venous counterparts, and the brachial plexus (BP).
  • 269
  • 07 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Platelet-Rich Plasma Treatment for Spinal Diseases
Spinal diseases are commonly associated with pain and neurological symptoms, which negatively impact patients’ quality of life. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous source of multiple growth factors and cytokines, with the potential to promote tissue regeneration. PRP has been widely used for the treatment of musculoskeletal diseases, including spinal diseases, in clinics.
  • 254
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Porous Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering
Porous structures produced from biocompatible titanium alloys using selective laser melting can present a promising material to design scaffolds with regulated mechanical properties and with the capacity to be loaded with pharmaceutical products. Adjusting pore geometry, one could control elastic modulus and strength/fatigue properties of the engineered structures to be compatible with bone tissues, thus preventing the stress shield effect when replacing a diseased bone fragment. Adsorption of medicals by internal spaces would make it possible to emit the antibiotic and anti-tumor agents into surrounding tissues. The developed internal porosity and surface roughness can provide the desired vascularization and osteointegration. 
  • 253
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Management of Bone Defects in Revision Knee Arthroplasty
Worldwide, the number of revisions to total knee arthroplasty procedures is increasing. Revision surgery is a challenging procedure, required for the management of bone loss after removal of the first implant. Although further long-term follow-up studies are needed, the use of cones in revisions of total knee arthroplasty yields reliability in fixation and stability to restore joint lines, especially in challenging surgeries with poor bone stock. The introduction of 3D-printed cones in revision surgery seems to be advantageous for AORI type III bone defects, especially in reducing intraoperative complications and procedure times.
  • 252
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
COVID-19-Infection- and Steroid-Treatment-Associated Bone Avascular Necrosis
The COVID-19 pandemic has presented numerous challenges to the global healthcare system and emerging evidence suggests a potential link between COVID-19 treatment, specifically steroid therapy, and the development of avascular necrosis (AVN) of the hip. Understanding the nuances of AVN in the context of COVID-19 is crucial for healthcare professionals to navigate treatment decisions and mitigate potential complications.
  • 242
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Pre-Procedure Preparation of Sacroplasty for Sacral Insufficiency Fractures
Sacral insufficiency fractures are disabling injuries that may occur in the absence of trauma, or result from low-energy injuries such as ground level falls. These fractures can cause severe lower back, buttock, and groin pain and are most commonly identified among older women diagnosed with osteoporosis. Sacroplasty is a minimally invasive procedure for treating sacral insufficiency fractures that involves placement of polymethylmethacrylate cement into the sacral ala.
  • 240
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Machine Learning and Deep Learning in Spinal Injury
The significant impact of machine learning and deep learning in spinal injury care are highlighted, focusing on diagnostic improvement and fracture prediction. Techniques like convolutional neural networks improve fracture detection, while machine learning methods offer prognostic insights, facilitating personalized care by analyzing imaging and clinical data.
  • 238
  • 04 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Collagen and the Knee’s Structural Integrity
Collagens represent the predominant protein class in mammals, accounting for approximately 30% of the total protein mass and serving as a fundamental component of the extracellular matrix (ECM).
  • 234
  • 07 Feb 2024
Topic Review
The Role of Ultrasonography in Hip Impingement Syndromes
Hip pain is indubitably a frequent clinical problem deriving from copious etiologies. Hip impingement syndromes are one of the most prevalent causes of persistent groin pain, especially in young and active patients. Diligent imaging of the hip region is indispensable to discern femoroacetabular impingement, as the differential diagnosis of hip pain can be exceedingly arduous. 
  • 232
  • 23 Aug 2023
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