You're using an outdated browser. Please upgrade to a modern browser for the best experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Soyuz TMA-20
Soyuz TMA-20 was a human spaceflight to the International Space Station (ISS) and was part of the Soyuz programme. It lifted off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan on December 15, 2010, and docked with the ISS two days later. The three-person crew of Soyuz TMA-20 – Dmitri Kondratyev, Catherine Coleman and Paolo Nespoli – represented the ISS partner organizations of Roscosmos, NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA). Soyuz TMA-20's crew represented half of the members of Expedition 27; the other three members of the expedition arrived at the station on board Soyuz TMA-21 on April 6, 2011. The COSPAR ID of Soyuz TMA-20 was 2010-067A. It is ISS flight 25S. On May 24, 2011, after spending 159 days in space, the Soyuz TMA-20 descent module landed safely in Zhezkazgan, Kazakhstan, carrying Kondratyev, Coleman and Nespoli.
  • 1.4K
  • 17 Nov 2022
Biography
Don L. Lind
Don Leslie Lind, Ph.D. (born May 18, 1930), (Cmdr, USNR, Ret.), is an American scientist and a former naval officer and aviator, and NASA astronaut. He graduated from the University of Utah with an undergraduate degree in physics in 1953. Following his military service obligation, he earned a Ph.D. in high-energy nuclear physics from the University of California, Berkeley in 1964. Lind was a na
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
List of Delta IV Medium Launches
Since November 2002, rockets from the Delta 4 Medium family have been launched 29 times, all of which were successful. Its last flight was with a 3rd generation GPS satellite in August 2019.
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Planetary Geology
Planetary geology, alternatively known as astrogeology or exogeology, is a planetary science discipline concerned with the geology of the celestial bodies such as the planets and their moons, asteroids, comets, and meteorites. Although the geo- prefix typically indicates topics of or relating to Earth, planetary geology is named as such for historical and convenience reasons; due to the types of investigations involved, it is closely linked with Earth-based geology. These investigations are centered around the composition, structure, processes, and history of a planet. Planetary geology includes such topics as determining the internal structure of the terrestrial planets, and also looks at planetary volcanism and surface processes such as impact craters, fluvial and aeolian processes. The structures and compositions of the giant planets and their moons are also examined, as is the make-up of the minor bodies of the Solar System, such as asteroids, the Kuiper Belt, and comets. Planetary geology includes applications derived from other closely related fields within in the geological sciences, such as geophysics and geochemistry.
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Columba
Columba, Latin for "dove," is a constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere. First introduced by Dutch astronomer Petrus Plancius in the late 16th century, it represents the dove released by Noah from the ark in the biblical story of the Great Flood. Despite its small size, Columba contains several notable celestial objects, including the famous globular cluster NGC 1851 and various open star clusters, making it an intriguing target for astronomers and stargazers alike.
  • 1.4K
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Transit of Venus, 1639
The first known observations and recording of a transit of Venus were made in 1639 by the English astronomers Jeremiah Horrocks and his friend and correspondent William Crabtree. The pair made their observations independently on 4 December that year (24 November under the Julian calendar then used in England); Horrocks from Carr House, then in the village of Much Hoole, Lancashire, and Crabtree from his home in Broughton, near Manchester. The friends, followers of the new astronomy of Johannes Kepler, were self-taught mathematical astronomers who had worked methodically to correct and improve Kepler's Rudolphine tables by observation and measurement. In 1639, Horrocks was the only astronomer to realise that a transit of Venus was imminent; others became aware of it only after the event when Horrocks's report of it was circulated. Although the friends both died within five years of making their observations, their ground-breaking work was influential in establishing the size of the Solar System; for this and their other achievements Horrocks and Crabtree, along with their correspondent William Gascoigne, are considered to be the founding fathers of British research astronomy.
  • 1.4K
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
«Hadron-M» Complex Installation
“Hadron-M complex installation”, which included an ionization-neutron calorimeter with an area of 55 m2 and an absorber thickness of 1244 g/cm2 (out of eight rows of ionization chambers), one row of neutron detectors and two shower systems of scintillation detectors. The effective area of the “Hadron-M” complex installation was about 30,000 m2.
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
PSR J0737-3039
PSR J0737−3039 is the only known double pulsar. It consists of two neutron stars emitting electromagnetic waves in the radio wavelength in a relativistic binary system. The two pulsars are known as PSR J0737−3039A and PSR J0737−3039B. It was discovered in 2003 at Australia's Parkes Observatory by an international team led by the radio astronomer Marta Burgay during a high-latitude pulsar survey.
  • 1.4K
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Mensa
Mensa is a faint constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere, first introduced by the French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in the 18th century. It is named after the Table Mountain in South Africa.
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Dorado
Dorado, Latin for "the swordfish," is a constellation in the southern sky, first introduced by Dutch navigators in the late 16th century. Situated near the South Celestial Pole, Dorado is renowned for hosting the Large Magellanic Cloud, a satellite galaxy of our Milky Way, and several notable deep-sky objects, including the Tarantula Nebula. Its prominence in the southern hemisphere makes it a significant feature in celestial navigation and astronomical observation.
  • 1.4K
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
List of Jupiter Trojans (Trojan Camp) (1–100000)
This is a partial list of Jupiter's L5 trojans (60° behind Jupiter) with numbers 1–100000 (also see main page).
  • 1.4K
  • 05 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Pictor
Pictor, a relatively faint constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere, is named after the easel used by artists to hold their canvases. It is located between the star Canopus and the Large Magellanic Cloud.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
The Macro-Physics of the Quark-Nova
A quark-nova is a hypothetical stellar evolution branch where a neutron star converts explosively into a quark star. Due to the high peak neutrino luminosities, neutrino pair annihilation can deposit as much as 1052 ergs in kinetic energy in the matter overlaying the neutrinosphere, yielding relativistic quark-nova ejecta. 
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Large Strategic Science Missions
NASA's Large Strategic Science Missions, formerly known as Flagship missions or Flagship-class missions, are the costliest and most capable NASA science spacecraft. Flagship missions exist within all four divisions of NASA's Science Mission Directorate: the astrophysics, Earth science, heliophysics and planetary science divisions. "Large" refers to the budget of each mission, typically the most expensive mission in the scientific discipline. Within the Astrophysics Division and the Planetary Science Division, the large strategic missions are usually in excess of $1 billion. Within Earth Science Division and Heliophysics Division, the large strategic missions are usually in excess of $500 million. "Strategic" refers to their role advancing multiple strategic priorities set forth in plans such as the Decadal Surveys. "Science" marks these missions as primarily scientific in nature, under the Science Mission Directorate (SMD), as opposed to, e.g., human exploration missions under the Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate (HEOMD). The lines can be blurred, as when the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter began as a directed mission from the HEOMD, and was later transferred to the SMD. Flagship missions are not under the purview of any larger "Flagship Program", unlike, e.g., Discovery-class missions that are under the purview of the Discovery Program. Unlike these competed classes that tender proposals through a competitive selection process, the development of Flagship missions is directed to a specific institution — usually a NASA center or the Jet Propulsion Laboratory — by the Science Mission Directorate. Flagship missions are developed ad-hoc, with no predetermined launch cadence or uniform budget size. Flagship missions are always Class A missions: high priority, very low risk.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Steppe Polecat
The Steppe Polecat, scientifically known as Mustela eversmannii, is a small carnivorous mammal native to the steppes and semi-deserts of Central Asia. With a sleek body and distinctive facial markings, this elusive predator is well-adapted to its arid habitat, where it preys on rodents, birds, and insects. Despite its relatively small size, the Steppe Polecat plays a crucial role in controlling rodent populations and maintaining the balance of its ecosystem.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
List of Conjunctions
This is a list of the Solar System's recent and forthcoming planetary conjunctions (in other words, when two planets look close together). In astronomy, a conjunction is an event, defined only when using either an equatorial or an ecliptic celestial coordinate system, in which any two astronomical objects (e.g. asteroids, moons, planets, stars) have the same celestial longitude, normally as when observed from the Earth (geocentric). In the case of a geocentric conjunction of two of the Solar System's planets, since the Solar System's planets appear to travel "along the same line" (the ecliptic), the two planets appear to an Earthbound observer as being near one another in the sky around the time of the conjunction. The list below presents instances during the period 2005–2020 in which two Solar System's planets are in conjunction according to the equatorial coordinate system (in which the celestial longitude is termed right ascension).
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Exploration Mission-1
Exploration Mission-1 or EM-1 (previously known as Space Launch System 1 or SLS-1) is the uncrewed first planned flight of the Space Launch System and the second flight of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle. The launch is planned for June 2020 from Launch Complex 39B at the Kennedy Space Center. The Orion spacecraft will spend approximately 3 weeks in space, including 6 days in a retrograde orbit around the Moon. It is planned to be followed by Exploration Mission 2 in 2023.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Antlia
Antlia is a constellation recognized by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), situated in the southern celestial hemisphere. Named after the air pump, it is a relatively faint constellation with no stars brighter than fourth magnitude, but it contains several interesting deep-sky objects, including the Antlia Galaxy Cluster, making it a fascinating subject for exploration by astronomers.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Space Exploration
Space exploration refers to the investigation of celestial objects and outer space using advanced technology, including crewed and uncrewed spacecraft, telescopes, and robotic probes. It aims to expand our understanding of the universe, develop new technologies, and assess the feasibility of extraterrestrial life and human colonization beyond Earth.
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Mar 2025
Topic Review
AIDA (Mission)
The Asteroid Impact and Deflection Assessment (AIDA) mission is a proposed pair of space probes which will study and demonstrate the kinetic effects of crashing an impactor spacecraft into an asteroid moon. The mission is intended to test and validate impact models of whether a spacecraft could successfully deflect an asteroid on a collision course with Earth. The original plan called for a European spacecraft, the Asteroid Impact Mission (AIM), to operate in synergy with a large NASA impactor called Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) and observe the immediate effects of the impact. AIM was cancelled in 2016 when Germany was unable to fund its portion, and after some backlash within ESA, AIM was replaced in 2018 with a smaller spacecraft called Hera that will launch five years after DART to orbit and study the crater on the asteroid. Hera will also deploy Europe's first CubeSats in deep space for close-up asteroid surveying: Juventas and Milani. DART is currently planned to impact in 2022 in the small moon of asteroid 65803 Didymos, while Hera will arrive at Didymos in 2027, five years after DART's impact.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Nov 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 13
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Academic Video Service
Feedback