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Topic Review
Geology and Geomorphology of Mare Fecunditatis
Mare Fecunditatis is a ~310,000 km2 flat basalt plain located in the low-latitude area of the Moon. Mare Fecunditatis basin was formed in the pre-Nectarian period, followed by the mare basalts eruption in the Imbrian period, and the volcanic activity continued until the early Eratosthenian period. There is no mass concentration in the center of Mare Fecunditatis, while there are positive Bouguer anomalies on the east and west sides of the basin. A diversity of geological features is found in Mare Fecunditatis.
  • 1.6K
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
CherryPlayer
CherryPlayer is a freeware closed-source media player of streaming media, audio and video files for the Microsoft Windows operating systems. It supports almost all popular audio and video file formats, streaming protocols, subtitle files and playlists. A distinctive feature of the player is the minimum number of settings (which initially gave rise to compare it in this regard with the browser Chrome) and the ability to play almost any streaming video and audio broadcasts, including live ones and radio.
  • 1.6K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Unmixing-Guided Convolutional Transformer for Spectral Reconstruction
Specifically, transformer and ResBlock components are embedded in Paralleled-Residual Multi-Head Self-Attention (PMSA) to facilitate fine feature extraction guided by the excellent priors of local and non-local information from CNNs and transformers. Furthermore, the Spectral–Spatial Aggregation Module (S2AM) combines the advantages of geometric invariance and global receptive fields to enhance the reconstruction performance.
  • 1.6K
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
L-System
An L-system or Lindenmayer system is a parallel rewriting system and a type of formal grammar. An L-system consists of an alphabet of symbols that can be used to make strings, a collection of production rules that expand each symbol into some larger string of symbols, an initial "axiom" string from which to begin construction, and a mechanism for translating the generated strings into geometric structures. L-systems were introduced and developed in 1968 by Aristid Lindenmayer, a Hungarian theoretical biologist and botanist at the University of Utrecht. Lindenmayer used L-systems to describe the behaviour of plant cells and to model the growth processes of plant development. L-systems have also been used to model the morphology of a variety of organisms and can be used to generate self-similar fractals.
  • 1.6K
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Waveguide-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Photonic chip-based methods for spectroscopy are of considerable interest due to their applicability to compact, low-power devices for the detection of small molecules. Waveguide-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (WERS) has emerged over the past decade as a particularly interesting approach. WERS utilizes the evanescent field of a waveguide to generate Raman scattering from nearby analyte molecules, and then collects the scattered photons back into the waveguide. The large interacting area and strong electromagnetic field provided by the waveguide allow for significant enhancements in Raman signal over conventional approaches.
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Bioactive Properties of Royal Jelly
Royal jelly (RJ) has been one of the most widely used natural products in alternative medicine for centuries. Being produced by both hypopharyngeal and mandibular glands, RJ exhibits an extraordinary complexity in terms of its composition, including proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, polyphenols, vitamins, and hormones. Due to its heterogeneous structure, RJ displays various functional roles for honeybees, including being involved in nutrition, learning, memory, and social behavior. Furthermore, a wide range of studies reported its therapeutic properties, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities, to name a few. In this direction, there is a wide range of health-related problems for which the medical area specialists and researchers are continuously trying to find a cure, such as cancer, atherosclerosis, or infertility. For the mentioned diseases and more, it has been proven that RJ is a key player in finding a valuable treatment. Here, the great impact of RJ as an alternative medicine agent is highlighted. Moreover, researchers link it to its apitherapeutic potential by discussing its composition.
  • 1.6K
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Bacteriophages in Cancer
Bacteriophages are a class of prokaryotic viruses with different sizes and shapes (icosahedral, such as T4, T7, or λ; filamentous, such as M13), which infect the host bacterial cell initiating either a lytic or a lysogenic cycle.
  • 1.6K
  • 03 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Climate Change and Homelessness
Although climate change is a global issue, it disproportionately affects homeless populations due to increased exposure and vulnerability associated with homelessness. Climate change is defined as "a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to climate variability observed over comparable time periods". Homelessness can be defined as circumstances in which "an individual, family or community without stable, permanent, appropriate housing, or the immediate prospect, means and ability of acquiring it".
  • 1.6K
  • 08 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Paliperidone to Treat Psychotic Disorders
This is a comprehensive review of the literature regarding the use of paliperidone in the treatment of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. It covers the background and presentation of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder, as well as the mechanism of action and drug information for paliperidone. It covers the existing evidence of the use of paliperidone for the treatment of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. 
  • 1.6K
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Diffusion of Solar PV Energy
Solar photovoltaic energy (solar PV) is considered a very attractive solution among renewable energy sources (RES), especially for households. According to the most recent IEA report on renewables, the growth of renewable power capacity at the world level has reached another record in 2021, driven by solar photovoltaic energy; solar PV alone has accounted for more than half of all renewable power expansion in 2021, followed by wind and hydropower.
  • 1.6K
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review
O&M Optimization for Manufacturing Systems with Energy Management
Operation and Maintenance (O&M) refers to activities related to daily operations and maintenance needed to preserve an asset so that it continues to provide services and maintain functioning. With the increasing attention paid to sustainable development worldwide, improving energy efficiency and applying effective means of energy saving have gradually received worldwide attention. As the largest energy consumers, manufacturing industries are inevitably facing pressures on energy optimization evolution from both governments and competitors. Among these enterprise activities, O&M of manufacturing systems are considered to have the most prospects for energy optimization. To address these issues, the existing O&M optimization approaches with energy management are reviewed and divided into several operation levels: single-machine, production-line, factory, and supply-chain levels. Recent research trends in O&M optimization with energy-management considerations in manufacturing systems are also discussed.
  • 1.6K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Anorgasmia
Anorgasmia is a type of sexual dysfunction in which a person cannot achieve orgasm despite adequate stimulation. Anorgasmia is far more common in females (4.6 percent) than in males and is especially rare in younger men. The problem is greater in women who are post-menopause. In males, it is most closely associated with delayed ejaculation. Anorgasmia can often cause sexual frustration.
  • 1.6K
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress in Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic syndrome is characterized by abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, insulin resistance, a proinflammatory and prothrombotic state, atherogenic dyslipidemia , and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Metabolic syndrom is mediated by oxidative stress and inflammation. Although the mechanisms are complicated and not very clear, this entry elucidates the mechanisms and pathways that drive oxidative stress in contributing to metabolic syndrome.
  • 1.6K
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Bioplastics and Reinforced Bioplastics
The introduction of bioplastics has been an evolution for plastic industry since conventional plastics have been claimed to cause several environmental issues. Apart from its biodegradability, one of the advantages can be identified of using bioplastic is that they are produced by renewal resources as the raw materials for synthesis. Nevertheless, bioplastics can be classified into two types, which are biodegradable and non-biodegradable, depending on the type of plastic that is produced. Although some of the bioplastics are non-biodegradable, the usage of biomass in synthesising the bioplastics helps in preserving non-renewable resources, which are petrochemical, in producing conventional plastics. However, the mechanical strength of bioplastic still has room for improvement as compared to conventional plastics, which is believed to limit its application. Ideally, bioplastics need to be reinforced for improving their performance and properties to serve their application. Synthetic reinforcement has been used to reinforce conventional plastic to achieve its desire properties to serve its application, such as glass fiber.
  • 1.6K
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Noise Exposure, Prevention, and Control in Agriculture
Noise is a major physical hazard in agricultural activities, and numerous research activities have managed to detect its effects, resulting in surveys and measurements which help to define exposure limits, prevention methods, and control strategies.
  • 1.6K
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Fearsome Critters
In North American folklore, fearsome critters were tall tale animals jokingly said to inhabit the wilderness in or around logging camps, especially in the Great Lakes region. Today, the term may also be applied to similar fabulous beasts.
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Nutritional Value of Insects in Pet Food
Due to the increasing global population, the world cannot currently support the well-known techniques of food production due to their harmful effects on land use, water consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions. The key answer is a solution based on the use of edible insects. They have always been present in the diet of animals. They are characterized by a very good nutritional value (e.g., high protein content and contents of essential amino acids and fatty acids, including lauric acid), and products with them receive positive results in palatability tests. 
  • 1.6K
  • 15 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Hybrid Adaptive Transaction Injection Protocol
Latency is a critical issue that impacts the performance of decentralized systems. Recently we designed various protocols to regulate the injection rate of unverified transactions into the system to improve system performance. Each of the protocols is designed to address issues related to some particular network traffic syndrome. In this work, we first provide the review of our prior protocols.We then provide a hybrid scheme that combines our transaction injection protocols and provides an optimal linear combination of the protocols based on the syndromes in the network. The goal is to speed up the verification process of systems that rely on only one single basic protocol. The underlying basic protocols are Periodic Injection of Transaction via Evaluation Corridor (PITEC), Probabilistic Injection of Transactions (PIT), and Adaptive Semi-synchronous Transaction Injection (ASTI).
  • 1.6K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Cognitive Interventions
With older adults, cognitive intervention programs are most often used for preventing or reversing a decline in cognitive functions. Under the heading of cognitive intervention, a multitude of diverse programs are found. In order to classify this field, we will distinguish between: (1) cognitive training programs (programs that train basic cognitive strategies), (2) cognitive rehabilitation (mono or multidimensional programs on specific skills like memory, attention, arithmetic, etc.), and (3) cognitive stimulation (continuous practice programs or use of external resources).
  • 1.6K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Bioavailability of Food Bioactive Peptides
Bioactive peptides have been recognized as an important category of functional food ingredients, which exert a potential impact on human health beyond their nutritional value. However, although peptides have been demonstrated to exert multiple benefits by biochemical assays, cell culture, and animal models, the ability to translate the new findings into practical or commercial uses remains delayed because of several challenges that require to be addressed. Researchers have found that the in vitro bioactivity of peptides do not always correlate with in vivo effects. This is due to the fact that physiological effects of peptides depend largely on their ability to remain intact after digestive process. The peptides that resist the digestion and arrive intact at the intestinal absorption site can have a local function or may be able to cross the epithelium, enter the bloodstream, reach the target organ, and have a systemic effect. Therefore, as much as it is in pharmacology research, investigating the stability and bioavailability of bioactive peptides has become a new trend in the current functional food field. 
  • 1.6K
  • 09 Oct 2020
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