Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Platelets Extracellular Vesicles
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a membrane-bound structures secreted both in physiological and pathological conditions by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Their role in cell-to-cell communications has been discussed for more than two decades. Numerous papers showed EVs as tumor growth regulators, by transferring their cargo (e.g.: miRNA, proteins, receptors, cytokines) into cancer cells and cells in the tumor microenvironment. Platelet extracellular vesicles (PEVs) are formed during platelet apoptosis as well as their activation.  PEVs are highly heterogeneous and  the most abundant EVs population in the blood. The reason for the PEVs heterogeneity are their maternal activators, which is reflected on PEVs size and cargo. As PEVs are the most numerous EVs in circulation, their feasible impact on cancer growth isstrongly discussed. PEVs crosstalk could promote cancer cells proliferation, change tumor microenvironment and favor metastasis formation. In many cases these functions were linked to the transfer into recipient cells specific cargo molecules from PEVs.
  • 831
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Cancer Stemness in Tumor Progression
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a population of cells present in malignant tumors that have much in common with normal stem or progenitor cells. The general characteristics of these cells include the ability to self-renew and differentiate into several clones, which leads to activation of tumor growth and heterogeneity. Mutations that occur in the stem cell pool can contribute to the oncogenesis process.
  • 831
  • 24 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Nanotechnology in Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer (BC) is a type of cancer that occurs in the bladder's lining. The urinary system, which filters waste products from your blood and produces urine, involves the bladder. BC is the fourth most common cancer among men and the tenth most common cancer among women. Nanotechnology has been extensively developed for cancer management, including cancer diagnosis, detection, and treatment. Several nanoparticles (NP) can be used in in vitro cancer diagnostics, in vivo imaging enhancement, and drug loading techniques.
  • 830
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Cancer Stem Cells in Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal neoplasm of the female genital organs. Despite indisputable progress in the treatment of ovarian cancer, the problems of chemo-resistance and recurrent disease are the main obstacles for successful therapy. One of the main reasons for this is the presence of a specific cell population of cancer stem cells.
  • 830
  • 03 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Immune Checkpoint Receptors
Anticancer therapy based on the inhibition of immune checkpoints (ICs) is an actively developing field of study, and it has been widely used. Antibodies blocking immune checkpoints are used as therapeutics. The targeted checkpoints are mainly the PD-L1 (programmed death-ligand 1), expressed by the tumor, and the PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1) and CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4) immune cell receptors. To increase the effectiveness of therapy by blocking ICs, additional receptors and ligands are being investigated as targets of immunotherapy.
  • 830
  • 13 Sep 2022
Topic Review
ONC201 for Glioma Treatment
Glioma, specifically gliobastoma, represents the commonest central nervous system malignancy and is notoriously challenging to treat, with only a minimal number of patients surviving beyond a year after diagnosis. The available treatment options include surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, mainly with temozolomide. However, gliomas can be particularly treatment resistant and novel options are currently being researched. One such agent is ONC201, the first member of the imipridone class and a TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-inducing compound, which has shown positive results in the first preliminary clinical reports about its application in glioma patients, while also being safe and well-tolerated. Particular promise has been shown for the H3K27M mutated glioblastomas, with more trials focusing on this patient subset. It is likely that this compound will be added in the treatment algorithms of glioma in the future, although more research is still needed.
  • 830
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Lynch Syndrome and Gynecologic Tumors
Lynch syndrome (LS) is a genetic condition predisposing to a variety of tumors, including endometrial (EC) and ovarian cancers (OC), with cancer lifetime risk depending on the specific LS-mutation involved. Universal Screening is the standard for LS detection. Prophylactic surgery is a risk-reducing option that may be considered, and the age at hysterectomy and recommendation for bilateral oophorectomy depend on the mutated variant and offspring desire. Besides surgery, chemoprevention via contraceptives combination or progestin-alone is a viable option, and vaccination with tumor-specific antigens has shown promising results in mouse models.
  • 830
  • 18 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Colorectal Carcinomas
Colorectal cancer is the third most diagnosed cancer, behind only breast and lung cancer. In terms of overall mortality, it ranks second due to, among other factors, problems with screening programs, which means that one of the factors that directly impacts survival and treatment success is early detection of the disease. Clusterin (CLU) is a molecular chaperone that has been linked to tumorigenesis, cancer progression and resistance to anticancer treatments, which has made it a promising drug target.
  • 829
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Amino Acids and Cancer Treatment
The antioxidant properties of amino acids and their role in the physicochemical processes accompanying oxidative stress in cancer remain unclear. Cancer cells are known to extensively uptake amino acids, which are used as an energy source, antioxidant precursors that reduce oxidative stress in cancer, and as regulators of inhibiting or inducing tumor cell-associated gene expression. Nine amino acids (Cys, His, Phe, Met, Trp, Tyr, Pro, Arg, Lys) are examined, which play a key role in the non-enzymatic oxidative process in various cancers. Conventionally, these amino acids can be divided into two groups, in one of which the activity increases (Cys, Phe, Met, Pro, Arg, Lys) in cancer, and in the other, it decreases (His, Trp, Tyr). 
  • 829
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in BRAF Mutant Cancers
BRAF (B-Raf, B-rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma) mutations are clinically relevant in melanoma, non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), colorectal carcinoma (CRC), and other cancers. Patients suffering from BRAF mutant cancers are experiencing a considerably poor prognosis. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), which are prominent anticancer drug targets in their own right, play a crucial role in the development of drug resistance to BRAF inhibitors and the reactivation of MAPK/ERK signal transduction, as well as the establishment of bypassing signaling pathways.
  • 829
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Microsphere Carrier Systems
The targeted delivery of anti-cancer drugs and isotopes is one of the most pursued goals in anti-cancer therapy. One of the prime examples of such an application is the intra-arterial injection of microspheres containing cytostatic drugs or radioisotopes during hepatic embolization procedures. Therapy based on the application of microspheres revolves around vascular occlusion, complemented with local therapy in the form of trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE) or radioembolization (TARE).
  • 829
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Pathogenic BRCA Variants in Prostate Cancer
Studies have demonstrated that men with Prostate Cancer (PCa) harboring BRCA2/BRCA1 genetic aberrations, are more likely to have worse disease and a poorer prognosis. A mutation in BRCA2 is known to confer the highest risk of PCa for men (8.6 fold in men ≤65 years) making BRCA genes a conceivable genomic biomarker for risk in PCa. These patients can be treated successfully with a group of drugs called ‘PARP inhibitors’. This paper examines the prognostic, clinical and therapeutic role of BRCA2/BRCA1 mutations across the evolution of PCa. 
  • 828
  • 17 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Non-Operative Management of Total Mesorectal Excision Surgery
Despite it being the optimal curative approach, elderly and frail rectal cancer patients may not be able to undergo a total mesorectal excision. Recent advancements in non-operative treatment modalities have enhanced the toolbox of alternative treatment strategies in patients unable to undergo surgery. Therefore, a proposed strategy is to aim for the maximal non-operative treatment, in an effort to avoid the onset of debilitating symptoms, improve quality of life, and prolong survival. The complexity of treating elderly and frail patients requires a patient-centred approach to personalise treatment. The main challenge is to optimise the balance between local control of disease, patient preferences, and the burden of treatment. A comprehensive geriatric assessment is a crucial element within the multidisciplinary dialogue.
  • 828
  • 09 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Leptin and Lymphoma
Obesity is a risk factor for many different types of cancer including lymphoma. Since hyperleptinemia is one of the mechanisms of pathophysiology of obesity such as inflammation.
  • 828
  • 17 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Metastatic Castrate-Sensitive Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer accounts for a significant proportion of cancer diagnoses in Canadian men. Approximately one-third of all prostate cancers are metastatic at the time of diagnosis (synchronous) or recur (metachronous) following definitive treatment. Over the past decade, the therapeutic landscape for the management of metastatic prostate cancer has undergone rapid changes. Novel strategies use hormonal agents, chemotherapy, homologous recombination repair inhibitors, and radioligand therapy or combination strategies in addition to androgen deprivation therapy.
  • 828
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Liquid Biopsy in MCC
In these last years, liquid biopsy has emerged as a candidate approach to overcome this limit and to identify biomarkers for early cancer diagnosis, prognosis, therapeutic response prediction, and patient follow-up. Liquid biopsy is a blood-based non-invasive procedure that allows the sequential analysis of circulating tumor cells, circulating cell-free and tumor DNA, and extracellular vesicles. These innovative biosources show similar features as the primary tumor from where they originated and represent an alternative to invasive solid tumor biopsy.
  • 828
  • 25 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Vanadium and Melanoma
Melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer, the incidence of which has been increasing annually worldwide.
  • 827
  • 08 Jun 2021
Topic Review
CCR5 and CXCR4 Antagonists in Carcinomas
The interaction between malignant cells and the tumor microenvironment is critical for tumor progression, and the chemokine ligand/receptor axes play a crucial role in this process. The CXCR4/CXCL12 and CCR5/CCL5 axes, both related to HIV, have been associated with the early (epithelial–mesenchymal transition and invasion) and late events (migration and metastasis) of cancer progression. In addition, these axes can also modulate the immune response against tumors. Thus, antagonists against the receptors of these axes have been proposed in cancer therapy.
  • 827
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Biomarkers in urothelial cancer
The prognosis and responsiveness to chemotherapy and checkpoint inhibitors differs substantially among patients with bladder cancer (BC). There is an unmet need for biomarkers that can accurately predict prognosis and treatment outcome. Here, we describe the available literature on the prognostic and predictive value of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in BC. Current evidence indicates that a high density of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells is a favorable prognostic factor, whereas PD-L1 expression and tumor-associated macrophages are unfavorable prognostic features. While PD-L1 expression appears unsuccessful as biomarker for response to checkpoint inhibitors, there are some indications that high CD8+ T cell infiltration, low transforming growth factor-beta signaling and low densities of myeloid-derived suppressor cells are associated with response. Future studies should focus on combinations of biomarkers to accurately predict survival and response to treatment.
  • 826
  • 12 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Synthetic Vulnerabilities in the KRAS Pathway
Mutations in Kristen Rat Sarcoma viral oncogene (KRAS) are among the most frequent gain-of-function genetic alterations in human cancer. Most KRAS-driven cancers depend on its sustained expression and signaling. Despite spectacular recent success in the development of inhibitors targeting specific KRAS alleles, the discovery and utilization of effective directed therapies for KRAS-mutant cancers remains a major unmet need.
  • 826
  • 24 Jun 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 129
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback