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Topic Review
ICIs in Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer (OC) represents the fifth leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women. In the advanced disease setting, OC recurrence after chemotherapy is over 70% in the first 2 years, with few therapeutic options. Immunotherapy with the immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) showed high efficacy and changed the therapeutic scenario of many tumors in the last 10 years.
  • 802
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Cancer Stemness in Tumor Progression
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a population of cells present in malignant tumors that have much in common with normal stem or progenitor cells. The general characteristics of these cells include the ability to self-renew and differentiate into several clones, which leads to activation of tumor growth and heterogeneity. Mutations that occur in the stem cell pool can contribute to the oncogenesis process.
  • 802
  • 24 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Holoenzyme PP1-SPN in Cell Cycle
Cell cycle progression is highly regulated by modulating the phosphorylation status of retinoblastoma (RB) family proteins. This process is controlled by a balance in the action of kinases, such as the complexes formed by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and cyclins, and phosphatases, mainly the protein phosphatase 1 (PP1). The PP1-Spinophilin (SPN) holoenzyme has been described as the main phosphatase responsible for the dephosphorylation of RB proteins during the G0/G1 transition and at the end of G1.
  • 802
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
SERDs and Breast Cancer Therapy
New SERDs are currently under development capable of reducing ERα protein expression and blocking estrogen-dependent and independent ER signaling. SERDs are therefore considered a significant therapeutic approach to treat ER+ BC in both early stage and more advanced drug-resistant cases.
  • 801
  • 28 Jul 2021
Topic Review
COVID-19 and Lung Cancer
Lung cancer patients have been associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 infection, pulmonary complications, and worse survival outcomes compared to the general population. Cancer patients have been associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 infection compared to the general population, due to the systemic immunosuppression caused by both the tumor itself and the anti-cancer treatments. Specifically, lung cancer patients may have an increased risk of pulmonary complications from COVID-19 (such as admission to the intensive care unit for invasive ventilation) with worse survival outcomes.
  • 801
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
The Peritumoral Zone in Diffuse Low-Grade Gliomas
Diffuse low-grade gliomas (DLGGs) are heterogeneous and poorly circumscribed neoplasms with isolated tumor cells that extend beyond the margins of the lesion depicted on MRI. Efforts to demarcate the glioma core from the surrounding healthy brain led to define an intermediate region, the so-called peritumoral zone (PTZ).
  • 801
  • 21 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Vanadium and Melanoma
Melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer, the incidence of which has been increasing annually worldwide.
  • 801
  • 08 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Platelets Extracellular Vesicles
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a membrane-bound structures secreted both in physiological and pathological conditions by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Their role in cell-to-cell communications has been discussed for more than two decades. Numerous papers showed EVs as tumor growth regulators, by transferring their cargo (e.g.: miRNA, proteins, receptors, cytokines) into cancer cells and cells in the tumor microenvironment. Platelet extracellular vesicles (PEVs) are formed during platelet apoptosis as well as their activation.  PEVs are highly heterogeneous and  the most abundant EVs population in the blood. The reason for the PEVs heterogeneity are their maternal activators, which is reflected on PEVs size and cargo. As PEVs are the most numerous EVs in circulation, their feasible impact on cancer growth isstrongly discussed. PEVs crosstalk could promote cancer cells proliferation, change tumor microenvironment and favor metastasis formation. In many cases these functions were linked to the transfer into recipient cells specific cargo molecules from PEVs.
  • 800
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
PARP Inhibitors in SCLC
Despite recent advances in first-line treatment for small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), durable respons-es remain rare. The DNA repair enzyme poly-(ADP)-ribose polymerase (PARP) was identified as a therapeutic target in SCLC using unbiased preclinical screens and confirmed in human and mouse models. Early trials of PARP inhibitors, either alone or in combination with chemotherapy, showed promising but limited responses, suggesting that selecting patient subsets and treatment combinations will prove critical to further clinical development. Expression of SLFN11 and other components of the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway appears to select for improved re-sponses. Combining PARP inhibitors with agents that damage DNA and inhibit DDR appears particularly effective in preclinical and early trial data, as well as strategies that enhance anti-tumor immunity downstream of DNA damage.
  • 800
  • 23 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Well-Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma (WDTC) is a slow-growing cancer with a good prognosis, but may show extraglandular progression involving the invasion of tumor-adjacent tissues, such as the trachea, esophagus, and recurrent laryngeal nerve. Tracheal invasion by WDTC is infrequent. Since this condition is rare, relevant high-level evidence about it is lacking. Tracheal invasion by a WDTC has a negative impact on survival, with intraluminal tumor development constituting a worse prognostic factor than superficial tracheal invasion. In WDTC, curative resection is often feasible with a small safety margin, and complete resection can ensure a good prognosis. Despite its resectability, accurate knowledge of the tracheal and peritracheal anatomy and proper selection of surgical techniques are essential for complete resection. However, there is no standard guideline on surgical indications and the recommended procedure in trachea-invading WDTC. This review discusses the indications for radical resection and the three currently available major resection methods: shaving, window resection, and sleeve resection with end-to-end anastomosis.
  • 800
  • 02 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Modeling Obesity-Driven Pancreatic Carcinogenesis
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common pancreatic malignancy with a 5-year survival rate below 10%, thereby exhibiting the worst prognosis of all solid tumors. Increasing incidence together with a continued lack of targeted treatment options will cause PDAC to be the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the western world by 2030. Obesity belongs to the predominant risk factors for pancreatic cancer. It is crucial to develop realistic and physiologically accurate models of obesity-induced pancreatic carcinogenesis.
  • 800
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Pharmacomicrobiomics in Anticancer Therapies
The microbial community that inhabits the gastrointestinal tract is closely connected to human physiology, being fundamental among others for the synthesis of vitamins and the digestion of complex polysaccharides with production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), key metabolites for host homeostasis, resistance to colonization by enteropathogens (i.e., the barrier effect) and, not least, the education and modulation of the immune system. The gut microbiota has also been attributed a role in the metabolism of numerous xenobiotics that can enter the human body, from environmental pollutants to therapeutic drugs. This interaction is bidirectional and multimodal, with xenobiotics being able to promote/inhibit the growth of certain taxa, induce a change in the natural pattern of microbial metabolites and influence virulence, with cascading repercussions on the mutualistic relationship with the host. It is therefore not surprising that the gut microbiota is increasingly suggested as a key factor influencing not only the onset and progression of various diseases, but also the response to therapies. In particular, more and more evidence is accumulating in the field of oncology, where the idea is taking hold that there is a more favorable configuration of the gut microbiota associated with enhanced anticancer responses, mitigated side effects, and longer disease-free survival. 
  • 800
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Immune-Related Adverse Events for Anti-Cancer Immunotherapy
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have changed how we think about tumor management. Combinations of anti-programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) immunotherapy have become the standard of care in many advanced-stage cancers, including as a first-line therapy. Aside from improved anti-tumor immunity, the mechanism of action of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) exposes a new toxicity profile known as immune-related adverse effects (irAEs). This novel toxicity can damage any organ, but the skin, digestive and endocrine systems are the most frequently afflicted. Most ICI-attributed toxicity symptoms are mild, but some are severe and necessitate multidisciplinary side effect management. Obtaining knowledge on the various forms of immune-related toxicities and swiftly changing treatment techniques to lower the probability of experiencing severe irAEs has become a priority in oncological care.
  • 800
  • 07 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Incidence of Diabetes in Cancer Patients
Diabetes increases the risk of certain types of cancer. Meanwhile, new-onset diabetes is positively associated with cancer, but this association varies according to cancer type. 
  • 800
  • 08 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Damage-Specific DNA-Binding Protein 2
Damage-specific DNA-binding protein 2 (DDB2) was originally identified as a DNA damage recognition factor that facilitates global genomic nucleotide excision repair (GG-NER) in human cells. DDB2 also contributes to other essential biological processes such as chromatin remodeling, gene transcription, cell cycle regulation, and protein decay. 
  • 799
  • 22 Oct 2021
Topic Review
ONC201 for Glioma Treatment
Glioma, specifically gliobastoma, represents the commonest central nervous system malignancy and is notoriously challenging to treat, with only a minimal number of patients surviving beyond a year after diagnosis. The available treatment options include surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, mainly with temozolomide. However, gliomas can be particularly treatment resistant and novel options are currently being researched. One such agent is ONC201, the first member of the imipridone class and a TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-inducing compound, which has shown positive results in the first preliminary clinical reports about its application in glioma patients, while also being safe and well-tolerated. Particular promise has been shown for the H3K27M mutated glioblastomas, with more trials focusing on this patient subset. It is likely that this compound will be added in the treatment algorithms of glioma in the future, although more research is still needed.
  • 799
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Liver Transplantation in Cholangiocarcinoma
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a neoplasm with high mortality that represents 15% of all primary liver tumors. Its worldwide incidence is on the rise, and important advances in the knowledge of molecular mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment, overall survival has not substantially improved in the last decade. Surgical resection remains the cornerstone therapy for CCA. Unfortunately, complete resection is only possible in less than 15–35% of cases, with a risk of recurrence greater than 60%. Liver transplantation (LT) has been postulated as an effective therapeutic strategy in those intrahepatic CCA (iCCA) smaller than 3 cm.
  • 799
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Metastatic Castrate-Sensitive Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer accounts for a significant proportion of cancer diagnoses in Canadian men. Approximately one-third of all prostate cancers are metastatic at the time of diagnosis (synchronous) or recur (metachronous) following definitive treatment. Over the past decade, the therapeutic landscape for the management of metastatic prostate cancer has undergone rapid changes. Novel strategies use hormonal agents, chemotherapy, homologous recombination repair inhibitors, and radioligand therapy or combination strategies in addition to androgen deprivation therapy.
  • 799
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common primary liver malignancy in the United States. Macrophages are immune cells that play a critical role in the promotion of cancer growth and configuration of the hepatic microenvironment. Studying intrahepatic macrophages is challenging because they are difficult to isolate, they transform their phenotype upon manipulation, and in vivo animal models poorly replicate the liver microenvironment. Understanding the complexity of intrahepatic macrophage populations is crucial because they coordinate antitumoral immunity. Application of novel methods that can detect immune cell phenotypes, along with their spatial co-localization in situ is critical and timely.
  • 798
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Inhibitors in Advanced Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is the leading cause of death in the female population and despite significant efforts made in diagnostic approaches and treatment strategies adopted for advanced breast cancer, the disease still remains incurable. Therefore, development of more effective systemic treatments constitutes a crucial need. Recently, several clinical trials were performed to find innovative predictive biomarkers and to improve the outcome of metastatic breast cancer through innovative therapeutic algorithms. In the pathogenesis of breast cancer, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (PKB/AKT)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) axis is a key regulator of cell proliferation, growth, survival, metabolism, and motility, making it an interest and therapeutic target. Nevertheless, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR cascade includes a complex network of biological events, needing more sophisticated approaches for their use in cancer treatment.
  • 798
  • 13 May 2022
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