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Topic Review
Medicinal Mushrooms
The extensive use of antibiotics in the poultry industry with the purpose of increasing production performance has led to human health hazards. A driving force for the interest of using natural herbs is to establish antibiotic alternatives in poultry production have been reported in the research literature. Therefore, the objective of this review study was to determine the effect of different levels of mushrooms and their extract in diet on layer performance, and health status. Based on previous findings, dietary supplementation using mushrooms, as natural feed supplement, sustained the laying performance and improved the immunity in laying hens.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Pesticide Residues and Bee Mortality
Honeybee health can be compromised not only by infectious and infesting diseases, but also by the acute or chronic action of certain pesticides. In recent years, there have been numerous reports of colony mortality by Italian beekeepers, and it was deemed necessary to draw up national guidelines with the aim of standardizing sampling active ties. In this paper, we present the results of a survey carried out in Italy from 2015 to 2019, following these guidelines. Residues of 150 pesticides in 696 samples were analyzed by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS. On average, 50% of the honeybee samples were positive for one or more pesticides, insecticides being the most frequently detected, followed by organophosphates and neonicotinoids.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Skin Diseases in Donkeys/Mules
Equids are part of the history of many countries, including Brazil, where they were used in trade routes and expansion of the current states. Several skin diseases affect these animals; however, visibility is higher on horses than on donkeys and mules, which is linked to regional cultural and socioeconomic factors, even resulting in a decline of the world population of these animals. In this context, the objective of this study was to review which skin diseases have been reported in the scientific literature with emphasis on skin pathologies.
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Dietary Fiber Sources
Feed fiber composition is usually considered as one of the factors that have an impact on digestive tract microbiota composition. The investigations on the level of fermentation and in-vitro digestibility of different fibers are not well understood. The aim of the current entry is to determine the effect of different fiber sources on intestinal nutrient digestibility, hindgut fermentation, and microbial community composition under in vitro or in vivo conditions. For example, cornstalk treatment displayed higher digestibility compared to alfalfa hay and rice straw. Similar results were observed with in-vitro digestibility using intestinal digesta. Firmicutes were the most abundant phyla, and Lactobacillus were the prominent genera in response to alfalfa compared to rice straw and cornstalk treatments. In simulated in-vitro digestion, corn stalk fiber improved dry matter digestibility, while rice straw fiber improved volatile fatty acid content and fermentation efficiency. Alfalfa fiber improved the thickness of deposited Firmicutes and Lactobacillus.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Analysing Hucul Horses by AI
       The neural classification system in form of a multi-layered artificial neural network suggested in this paper was implemented in the programming environment MATLAB. MATLAB is a useful tool focused mainly on scientific and technical calculations. It boasts of a wide spectrum of software solutions/libraries, the so-called Toolboxes that can be used, for example to create and optimize neural networks. It is fully compatible with other programming environments.  Matlab is a tool for rapid prototyping that enables a wide range of learning algorithms, the selection of optimal neural network architecture, the selection of the most efficient neuron activation functions as well as optimal learning parameters.          The design of the network is of key significance both for the learning process, and the quality of its operation in later stages. The set of input data, purpose, and results do have significant impact on the they configuration.  A key assumption is taking cognizance of factual links between the set of explanatory variables (input) and the output.        The artificial neural networks enable the capture of relationships and dependencies between the data in circumstances where the application of traditional analytical methods would not have yielded satisfactory solutions.         The use of ANN enables objective assessments of individual animals by taking into account only factors essential for determining horses’ performance and breeding values.         Preliminary results of the application of artificial neural networks in predicting the utility value of Hucul horses, relying on a specific set of features seem rather promising.        It offers potential possibilities of evaluation, relying on available information about the animals.
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Drone Observation for Complex Multilevel Societies
Drones made it possible to obtain the identification, accurate positioning, or movement of more than a hundred individuals in a multilevel social group. In addition, in multilevel social groups, drones facilitate the observation of heterogeneous spatial positioning patterns and mechanisms of behavioral propagation, which are different from those in a single-level group.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Leptospirosis
Leptospirosis is a re-emerging worldwide zoonotic disease. The leptospirosis transmission is linked to maintenance and accidental hosts. In the epidemiology of Leptospira some serovar are strictly related to specific maintenance hosts.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Proteomic Technologies in Pork Products
This entry deals with the productive (breed, diet, stress) and technological (aging, cooking) factors that affect fresh pork and elaborates the quality of products by using proteomic tools. These technologies are a relevant approach in the meat science field to decipher the underlying mechanisms and post-mortem changes in the muscle and biofluids proteome of pigs because their study will allow better management of the outcomes such as meat quality variation and defects. In general, these new developments in molecular techniques can help researchers to control and assess this quality through biomarkers. Additionally, as food safety and pork product authentication/adulteration to avoid fraud can be evaluated with these high-throughput proteomic tools. Overall, this review describes the current and emerging proteomics studies dealing with raw pork and pork products from the farm to fork. 
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Acid-Sensing Ion Channels in Zebrafish
Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are Na+channels gated by extracellular H+and are widely expressed in the mammalian central and peripheral nervous systems. ASICs are part of the degenerin/epithelial sodium (Na) channel (DEG/ENaC) superfamily whose feature is high permeability to Na that could be blocked by amiloride. Structurally, ASICs consist of two hydrophobic transmembrane domains (TMD) of 20 amino acids approximately, TMD1 and TMD2, a large domain of around 370 amino acids forming an extracellular loop of 14 conserved cysteines, and a kind of short cytoplasmic amino and carboxyl termini of 35–90 amino acids.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Toxungen
A toxungen comprises a secretion or other body fluid of one or more biological toxins that is transferred by one animal to the external surface of another animal via a physical delivery mechanism. Toxungens can be delivered through spitting, spraying, or smearing. As one of three categories of biological toxins, toxungens can be distinguished from poisons, which are passively transferred via ingestion, inhalation, or absorption across the skin, and venoms, which are delivered through a wound generated by a bite, sting, or other such action. Toxungen use offers the evolutionary advantage of delivering toxins into the target's tissues without the need for physical contact.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Black Rhinoceros
Black rhinoceros under human care are predisposed to Iron Overload Disorder that is unlike the hereditary condition seen in humans. We aim to address the black rhino caretaker community at multiple perspectives (keeper, curator, veterinarian, nutritionist, veterinary technician, and researcher) to describe approaches to Iron Overload Disorder in black rhinos and share learnings. This report includes sections on (1) background on how iron functions in comparative species and how Iron Overload Disorder appears to work in black rhinos, (2) practical recommendations for known diagnostics, (3) a brief review of current investigations on inflammatory and other potential biomarkers, (4) nutrition knowledge and advice as prevention, and (5) an overview of treatment options including information on chelation and details on performing large volume voluntary phlebotomy. The aim is to use evidence to support the successful management of this disorder to ensure optimal animal health, welfare, and longevity for a sustainable black rhinoceros population.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Nov 2020
Topic Review
The Social Lives of Free-Ranging Cats
Factors impacting FRC conspecific interactions include cat body size, cat social rank, cat individuality, cat age, relationship to conspecific (kin/familiar), cat sex, level of human caretaking, presence of food, the health of the individual, or sexual status of conspecifics. Interspecies interactions also occur with humans and wildlife. The human’s sex and the weather conditions on the day of interaction have been shown to impact FRC social behavior. Interactions with wildlife were strongly linked to the timing of cat feeding events. These findings support the idea that FRCs are “social generalists” who display flexibility in their social behavior. The social lives of FRCs exist, are complex, and deserve further study.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Peptides and Porcine Viruses
Antimicrobial peptides display the property of combating viruses in swine production of animal husbandry, clarify the mechanism of action of antimicrobial peptides on viruses and raise some suspending questions and prospect the future potential of antimicrobial peptides in animal husbandry.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Avian Malaria Vectors in Host-Seeking Behaviour
Vector-borne infectious diseases (e.g., malaria, dengue fever, and yellow fever) result from a parasite transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods. They are major contributors to the global disease burden, as they account for nearly a fifth of all infectious diseases worldwide. The interaction between vectors and their hosts plays a key role driving vector-borne disease transmission.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 May 2022
Topic Review
Metarhizium brunneum-7 with Phytophagous Mites
We investigated Metarhizium brunneum-7 interactions in three systems of phytophagous mites and their respective plant hosts: Volkamer lemon (Citrus volkameriana) and the citrus rust mite Phyllocoptruta oleivora, common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae, and spring onion (Allium cepa) and the bulb mite Rhizoglyphus robini. All three mite species were susceptible to directly applied M. brunneum-7 conidia. Results obtained using the standard method for studying endophytic colonization vs. live confocal imaging of plant tissues using the GFP-transformed fungus differed markedly, demonstrating that microscopy validation was more definite than the standard process of recovery from plant tissue. Endophytic colonization was observed in conidium-infiltrated citrus leaves and in roots of onion plants treated with soil-drenched conidia, but not in common bean treated by either spray or drench of conidia. Endophytic colonization of citrus leaves did not affect the citrus mite population. Drench application in common bean reduced two-spotted mite population. Similarly, drench application in onion reduced bulb mite population. This study demonstrates M. brunneum-7 interactions with citrus, onion and their mite pests, and the importance of live-imaging techniques in studying endophytic interaction.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Gastrointestinal Tract in Broiler Chickens
Recently, moderate amounts of insoluble dietary fiber have been shown to be beneficial to nutrient utilization by improving the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract in poultry. Wheat bran, a byproduct of the milling process, is rich in insoluble fiber, consisting mainly arabinoxylans and, to a lesser extent, cellulose and β-glucans. This study used wheat bran as a source of insoluble fiber to investigate wheat bran on digestive function in broiler chickens. The findings indicate that supplementation of 30 g/kg wheat bran enhanced nutrient digestibility by improving antioxidant status, gizzard development, intestinal digestive enzyme activities and morphology in broilers. Therefore, wheat bran could be used for improving feed efficiency in broilers.
  • 1.0K
  • 21 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Olfactory Evaluation of Boar Taint
Development of olfactory training and scoring protocol for boar taint detection and three experiments to help optimize olfactory detection.
  • 1.0K
  • 10 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Taxonomy of Chagas Disease Vectors
Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi and transmitted mainly by members of the subfamily Triatominae.
  • 1.0K
  • 07 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Phloeotribus rhododactylus
The bark beetle Phloeotribus rhododactylus feeds mainly on the shrub Cytisus scoparius. The range of P. rhododactylus extends from Spain in the south to southern Sweden, Denmark, and Scotland in the north. Its range to the east extends to Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary, but single localities are known further east in Romania, Bulgaria, and Greece. It is clear that the range of the beetle matches that of its main host. C. scoparius is adapted to Mediterranean and coastal climates, and its range is limited by low winter temperatures. P. rhododactylus is, therefore, rare in Central Europe. It infests either individuals of C. scoparius that have been damaged by mammalian herbivores or snow or that are drought-stressed. Although C. scoparius is an invasive plant in agricultural and natural ecosystems, P. rhododactylus has not been found in any of the areas where C. scoparius has invaded.
  • 1.0K
  • 15 Dec 2020
Topic Review
American Sparrow
American sparrows are a group of mainly New World passerine birds, forming the family Passerellidae. American sparrows are seed-eating birds with conical bills, brown or gray in color, and many species have distinctive head patterns. Although they share the name sparrow, American sparrows are more closely related to Old World buntings than they are to the Old World sparrows (family Passeridae). American sparrows are also similar in both appearance and habit to finches, with which they sometimes used to be classified.
  • 996
  • 28 Nov 2022
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