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Topic Review
Cerebrovascular and Neurological Dysfunction
The recently discovered novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 virus), has brought the whole world to a standstill with critical challenges, affecting both health and economic sectors worldwide. Although initially, this pandemic was associated with causing severe pulmonary and respiratory disorders, recent case studies reported the association of cerebrovascular-neurological dysfunction in COVID-19 patients, which is also life-threatening. Several SARS-CoV-2 positive case studies have been reported where there are mild or no symptoms of this virus. However, a selection of patients is suffering from large artery ischemic strokes. Although the pathophysiology of the SARS-CoV-2 virus affecting the cerebrovascular system has not been elucidated yet, researchers have identified several pathogenic mechanisms, including a role for the ACE2 receptor. Therefore, it is extremely crucial to identify the risk factors related to the progression and adverse outcome of cerebrovascular-neurological dysfunction in COVID-19 patients. Since many articles have reported the effect of smoking (tobacco and cannabis) and vaping in cerebrovascular and neurological systems, and considering that smokers are more prone to viral and bacterial infection compared to non-smokers, it is high time to explore the probable correlation of smoking in COVID-19 patients. Herein, we have reviewed the possible role of smoking and vaping on cerebrovascular and neurological dysfunction in COVID-19 patients, along with potential pathogenic mechanisms associated with it.
  • 1.8K
  • 01 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Hajdu–Cheney Syndrome
Hajdu–Cheney syndrome (HCS) is a rare genetic disease that causes acroosteolysis and generalized osteoporosis, accompanied by a series of developmental skeletal disorders and multiple clinical and radiological manifestations. It has an autosomal dominant inheritance, although there are several sporadic non-hereditary cases.
  • 1.8K
  • 09 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Acinetobacter baumannii
Acinetobacter baumannii is regarded as a life-threatening pathogen associated with community-acquired and nosocomial infections, mainly pneumonia.
  • 1.8K
  • 14 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Mouse Models in PWS Research
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a neurogenetic multifactorial disorder caused by the deletion or inactivation of paternally imprinted genes on human chromosome 15q11-q13. The affected homologous locus is on mouse chromosome 7C. The positional conservation and organization of genes including the imprinting pattern between mice and men implies similar physiological functions of this locus. Therefore, considerable efforts to recreate the pathogenesis of PWS have been accomplished in mouse models. We provide a summary of different mouse models that were generated for the analysis of PWS and discuss their impact on our current understanding of corresponding genes, their putative functions and the pathogenesis of PWS. Murine models of PWS unveiled the contribution of each affected gene to this multi-facetted disease, and also enabled the establishment of the minimal critical genomic region (PWScr) responsible for core symptoms, highlighting the importance of non-protein coding genes in the PWS locus. Although the underlying disease-causing mechanisms of PWS remain widely unresolved and existing mouse models do not fully capture the entire spectrum of the human PWS disorder, continuous improvements of genetically engineered mouse models have proven to be very powerful and valuable tools in PWS research.
  • 1.8K
  • 22 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Modulation of NOS Isoforms by Dietary Polyphenols
Nitric oxide (NO) plays several key roles in the functionality of an organism, and it is usually released in numerous organs and tissues. There are mainly three isoforms of the enzyme that produce NO starting from the metabolism of arginine, namely endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). The expression and activity of these isoforms depends on the activation/deactivation of different signaling pathways at an intracellular level following different physiological and pathological stimuli. Compounds of natural origin such as polyphenols, which are obtainable through diet, have been widely studied in in vivo and in vitro investigations for their ability to induce or inhibit NO release, depending on the tissue. 
  • 1.8K
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Apical Periodontitis
Apical periodontitis is the inflammation and destruction of periradicular tissues, mediated by microbial factors originating from the infected pulp space. This bacteria-mediated inflammatory disease is known to interfere with root development in immature permanent teeth.
  • 1.8K
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
International HBV Treatment Guideline Evaluation
There are five international hepatitis B virus (HBV) treatment guidelines: AASLD, APASL, EASL, NICE, and WHO. All guidelines recommend treatment based on levels of HBV DNA, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), age, and liver fibrosis. Among five guidelines, only the WHO guideline recommends the aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet (APRI) to evaluate liver fibrosis as an alternative to elastography.
  • 1.8K
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Anti-Gal
Anti-Gal are the most abundant xenoreactive natural antibodies. They are supposed to stem from immunization against the gut microbiota and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including multiple sclerosis. 
  • 1.8K
  • 30 Aug 2021
Topic Review
The uPA/uPAR System in Fibrosis Progression
Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) is a single-chain serine protease that can cleave and activate Plg into plasmin by binding to urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR). uPA is secreted as a single-chain glycosylated zymogen called pro-uPA, and pro-uPA is activated by several proteinases, such as kallikrein, stromelysin, and plasmin. uPAR is a glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol anchored (GPI) membrane protein that consists of three domains: D1 (residues 1–92), D2 (residues 93–191) and D3 (residues 192–283). uPAR is cleaved between the D1 and D2 domains (linker region) and the GPI-anchor domain by several proteases, such as uPA, plasmin, MMPs, and GPI-specific phospholipase D, and then forms soluble uPAR (suPAR; full length D1-D3, D2D3, and D1).
  • 1.8K
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
The Complement System
The complement system is part of the innate immune response, where it provides immediate protection from infectious agents and it plays a fundamental role in homeostasis. Complement dysregulation occurs in several diseases, where the tightly regulated proteolytic cascade turns offensive. Prominent examples are atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and Alzheimer’s disease. Therapeutic intervention targeting complement activation may allow treatment of such debilitating diseases.
  • 1.8K
  • 17 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Fibrosis in Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disease where the main characteristics include cartilage degeneration and synovial membrane inflammation. 
  • 1.8K
  • 25 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Pathological Mechanisms of Asthma
Although asthma is classified into Th2-high and Th2-low asthma, the disease can be induced by mixed airway inflammation. Patients may have Th2-high asthma in the early stage and have Th2-low asthma in a later stage or vice versa; or Th2-high asthma and Th2-low asthma occur concurrently.
  • 1.8K
  • 26 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors in Antidiabetic Treatment
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) enzyme is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein, expressed ubiquitously in many tissues, including the immune cells, kidney, liver, pancreas, fat cells, and presents as a soluble form in the circulation. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is a serine protease, can cleave and inactivate incretin hormones, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), neuropeptides, and chemokines. In addition, DPP4 has been shown to have a direct pro-inflammatory role in lymphocytes, macrophages, and smooth muscle cell.
  • 1.8K
  • 25 May 2022
Topic Review
Space Weather on Human Physiopathology
While the exact nature and mechanisms of action still need to be better understood, some adverse effects of space weather have been related to the occurrence of magnetic storms. Triggered by solar emissions, it takes about one to three days for the effects to be felt on Earth, thus leaving enough time for a warning to be issued. Such a warning system is already in place, for instance in aviation and other human endeavors. Applications in the healthcare system have also emerged. Precisely because non-photic environmental cycles are notoriously wobbly, mapping their non-stationary characteristics in specific frequency ranges as they change over time may lay the foundation to research which features of space weather may influence what aspects of human physio-pathology. Mapping long-term periodicities shared between the environment and biota will facilitate making connections between the presence of non-photic cycles in the cosmos, how they may be affecting the ionosphere and influence weather on Earth, and how these changes can impact agriculture, nutrition, the presence of pathogens, and overall human health.
  • 1.8K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Hsp90 in Cardiac Diseases
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a molecular chaperone that interacts with up to 10% of the proteome. The extensive involvement in protein folding and regulation of protein stability within cells makes Hsp90 an attractive therapeutic target to correct multiple dysfunctions in the heart.
  • 1.8K
  • 24 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Coronavirus Disease 19 Pathogenesis
The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is caused by the highly transmissible severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has affected the global population despite socioeconomic status and amazed surveillance agencies for its incidence, mortality, and recovery rates.
  • 1.8K
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Oxysterol Sulfation
Oxysterols have long been believed to be ligands of nuclear receptors such as liver X receptor (LXR) and play an important role in lipid homeostasis and in the immune system, where they are involved in both transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. However, they are increasingly associated with a wide variety of other, sometimes surprising, cell functions. Oxysterols have also been implicated in several diseases such as metabolic syndrome. Oxysterols can be sulfated, and the sulfated oxysterols act in different directions: they decrease lipid biosynthesis, suppress inflammatory responses, and promote cell survival. Our recent reports have shown that oxysterol and oxysterol sulfates are paired epigenetic regulators, agonists, and antagonists of DNA methyltransferases, indicating that their function of global regulation is through epigenetic modification.
  • 1.8K
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Uncontrolled Type 2 diabetes is associated with altered metabolism resulting in microvascular and macrovascular diseases and enhanced susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
  • 1.7K
  • 31 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Salivary Diagnosis and Monitoring: COVID-19
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a global ongoing pandemic. Timely, accurate and non-invasive SARS-CoV-2 detection in both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, as well as determination of their immune status, will facilitate effective large-scale pandemic control measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Saliva is a biofluid whose anatomical source and location is of particularly strategic relevance to COVID-19 transmission and monitoring. This review focuses on the role of saliva as both a foe (a common mode of viral transmission via salivary droplets and potentially aerosols) and a friend (as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for viral detection and immune status surveillance) in combating COVID-19.
  • 1.7K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Signaling in Mammalian Hearing
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a peptide hormone belonging to the insulin family of proteins. Almost all of the biological effects of IGF-1 are mediated through binding to its high-affinity tyrosine kinase receptor (IGF1R), a transmembrane receptor belonging to the insulin receptor family. Factors, receptors and IGF-binding proteins form the IGF system, which has multiple roles in mammalian development, adult tissue homeostasis, and aging. Consequently, mutations in genes of the IGF system, including downstream intracellular targets, underlie multiple common pathologies and are associated with multiple rare human diseases. Here we review the contribution of the IGF system to our understanding of the molecular and genetic basis of human hearing loss by describing, (i) the expression patterns of the IGF system in the mammalian inner ear; (ii) downstream signaling of IGF-1 in the hearing organ; (iii) mouse mutations in the IGF system, including upstream regulators and downstream targets of IGF-1 that inform cochlear pathophysiology; and (iv) human mutations in these genes causing hearing loss.
  • 1.7K
  • 22 Oct 2021
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