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Topic Review
Effect of Protein Genotypes on Physicochemical Properties
High protein content was reported by Ikonen et al.in milk genotyped A1A1-BB, A1A2-AB and A1A1-AB, while a low protein content was related to the A1A1-EE genotype. For the composite genotype of αS1-β-κ-CN, B-A1-B was reported to be positively correlated with percentages of fat and protein in Holstein cows, Brown Swiss cowsand Finnish Ayshire cows, as well as in a local Italian Reggiana cows, but negatively correlated with milk yield. Haplotype C-A2-B has similar effects to B-A1-B, and also leads to low milk yield and high protein concentration.
  • 656
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Dairy Cow Thermal State
Heat stress in cattle is broadly defined as a physiological condition in which body temperature rises, and the animals are no longer able to adequately dissipate body heat to maintain thermal equilibrium due to environmental factors. Dairy cattle are particularly sensitive to heat stress because of the higher metabolic rate needed for milk production. Due to global warming and the expected growth of milk production in warmer regions, an increase in the occurrence of heat stress can only be avoided with the use of environmental control systems.
  • 656
  • 29 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Osteoporosis
As an insidious metabolic bone disease, osteoporosis plagues the world, with high incidence rates. Patients with osteoporosis are prone to falls and becoming disabled, and their cone fractures and hip fractures are very serious, so the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis is very urgent. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are particles secreted from cells to the outside of the cell and they are wrapped in a bilayer of phospholipids. According to the size of the particles, they can be divided into three categories, namely exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. The diameter of exosomes is 30–150 nm, the diameter of microvesicles is 100–1000 nm, and the diameter of apoptotic bodies is about 50–5000 nm. EVs play an important role in various biological process and diseases including osteoporosis.
  • 654
  • 22 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Diurnal Rhythmicity of Gut Microbiota
The rhythmicity of gut microbiota has fundamental implications for host physiology, metabolism, and health. The microbial rhythmicity is affected by many host-derived factors including the host circadian clock. Vice versa, gut microbiota rhythmicity can influence the host’s circadian rhythm.
  • 654
  • 11 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Localized Proteasomal Degradation
The proteasome is responsible for selective degradation of most cellular proteins. Abundantly present in the cell, proteasomes not only diffuse in the cytoplasm and the nucleus but also associate with the chromatin, cytoskeleton, various membranes and membraneless organelles/condensates. How and why the proteasome gets to these specific subcellular compartments remains poorly understood, although increasing evidence supports the hypothesis that intracellular localization may have profound impacts on the activity, substrate accessibility and stability/integrity of the proteasome.
  • 653
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Feeding Management on Animal Performance and Production Efficiency
Mitigation of greenhouse gases and decreasing nutrient excretion have become increasingly important goals for the beef cattle industry. Because feed intake is a major driver of enteric CH4 production and nutrient excretion, feeding management systems could be important mitigation tools. Programmed feeding uses net energy equations to determine the feed required to yield a specific rate of gain, whereas restricted feeding typically involves decreasing intake relative to the expected or observed ad libitum intake.
  • 652
  • 02 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Noninfectious Causes of Late Embryonic/Early Fetal Losses
Pregnancy loss at any developmental stage affects the reproductive efficiency of cattle both at the individual and herd levels. In dairy cows, negative effects on milk production along with the increased antibiotic usage associated with pregnancy loss can have dramatic consequences on herd economy. Pregnancy loss during late embryonic and early fetal development can affect up to 20% of animals within a dairy cattle herd, so regular screening and pregnancy maintenance protocols are mandatory as it is important to identify animals at risk of losing their pregnancy after its diagnosis.
  • 652
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Crop Prices Factors in the Climate Change Context
Food security has become a concerning issue because of global climate change and increasing populations. Agricultural production is considered one of the key factors that affects food security. The changing climate has negatively affected agricultural production, which accelerates food shortages. The supply of agricultural commodities can be heavily influenced by climate change, which leads to climate-induced agricultural productivity shocks impacting crop prices.
  • 652
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Reproductive Technologies Used in Female Neo-Tropical Hystricomorphic Rodents
Reproductive technologies aid in efficient reproduction, which is important in these species as they are hunted and valued for their meat. Knowledge of the anatomy and physiology would aid in assisted reproductive techniques, thus attention was given to these areas. Within this group of rodent species there were similar characteristics, some of which have been highlighted as well as any unique features. Some reproductive technologies used included colpocytology, ultrasonography, and hormonal analysis.
  • 651
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Effects of Ginger Extracts and Their Bioactive Compounds
Phytogenics such as ginger, wild marjoram, and cloves, along with their active components, have been shown to be effective and safe in animal production and thus serve as potential substitutes that could replace antibiotic growth promoters.
  • 651
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Potential Anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis Activity of Plant SMs
Tuberculosis (TB) is a recurrent and progressive disease, with high mortality rates worldwide. The drug-resistance phenomenon of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a major obstruction of allelopathy treatment. An adverse side effect of allelopathic treatment is that it causes serious health complications. The search for suitable alternatives of conventional regimens is needed, i.e., by considering medicinal plant secondary metabolites to explore anti-TB drugs, targeting the action site of M. tuberculosis.
  • 649
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Polysaccharides as Feed Additives for Methane Mitigation
Marine algal polysaccharides have emerged as a promising research avenue because of their abundance and sustainability. Polysaccharides, such as alginate, laminaran, and fucoidan, which are extracted from marine seaweeds, have demonstrated the potential to reduce methane emissions by influencing the microbial populations in the rumen.
  • 649
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Relationship between Environmental Factors and Virus-Induced Symptoms
Plant viruses, as obligate intracellular parasites, induce significant changes in the cellular physiology of host cells to facilitate their multiplication. These alterations often lead to the development of symptoms that interfere with normal growth and development, causing USD 60 billion worth of losses per year, worldwide, in both agricultural and horticultural crops. 
  • 648
  • 25 Aug 2023
Topic Review
The Less Known Cyclins
Cyclins belong to a group of proteins that are cyclically produced and destructed in a cell. Cyclins are a family of proteins that are a key component of the cell cycle regulating system, which level of expression depends on the phase of the cycle.
  • 647
  • 22 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Dendritic Cells and Exosomes in Antitumor Immunity
Dendritic cells play a fundamental role in the antitumor immunity cycle, and the loss of their antigen-presenting function is a recognized mechanism of tumor evasion. Recently it demonstrated the effect of exosomes extracted from serum of patients with acute myeloid leukemia as important inducers of dendritic cell immunotolerance, adding evidence on the important role of intercellular communication by nanoparticles on antitumor responses.
  • 647
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Myc in Silkworm Silk Gland
Silkworm is an economically important insect that synthetizes silk proteins for silk production in silk gland, and silk gland cells undergo endoreplication during larval period. Transcription factor Myc is essential for cell growth and proliferation. Although silkworm Myc gene has been identified previously, its biological functions in silkworm silk gland are still largely unknown. In this study, we examined whether enhanced Myc expression in silk gland could facilitate cell growth and silk production. Based on a transgenic approach, Myc was driven by the promoter of the fibroin heavy chain (FibH) gene to be successfully overexpressed in posterior silk gland. Enhanced Myc expression in the PSG elevated FibH expression by about 20% compared to the control, and also increased the weight and shell rate of the cocoon shell.
  • 646
  • 06 May 2021
Topic Review
Applications of Genome Editing for Avian Model Development
Avian models are valuable for studies of development and reproduction and have important implications for food production. Rapid advances in genome-editing technologies have enabled the establishment of avian species as unique agricultural, industrial, disease-resistant, and pharmaceutical models. The direct introduction of genome-editing tools, such as the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system, into early embryos has been achieved in various animal taxa. The advancement of avian germline transmission and genome editing technology enabled researchers to develop various genome edited avian models, including a disease resistant model, efficient bioreactor, and academic model for scientific use.
  • 646
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Data in Plant Hormesis Research
High-throughput analyses increase the chances to elucidate physiological processes and ecological interactions of plants from the broadened perspective of systems biology. The generation of big data sets from the simultaneous analysis of an extensive collection of biomolecules corresponding to a definite category (genes, transcripts, proteins, and metabolites) has led to the so-called omics approach, which is the primary tool of systems biology. Furthermore, a multi-omics approach makes it possible to obtain a more detailed snapshot of a plant system by simultaneously analyzing its whole genome, proteome, transcriptome, and metabolome. Moreover, the multi-omics approach applied to single-cell functional analyses can simplify data processing and modeling to accurately depict many biological processes in plants.
  • 645
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Eriophyoidea (Acariformes) in the Tree of Life
Over the past century and a half, the taxonomic placement of Eriophyoidea has been in flux. For much of this period, this group has been treated as a subtaxon within Trombidiformes. However, the vast majority of phylogenetic analyses, including almost all phylogenomic analyses, place this group outside Trombidiformes. The few studies that still place Eriophyoidea within Trombidiformes are likely to be biased by incomplete taxon/gene sampling, long branch attraction, the omission of RNA secondary structure in sequence alignment, and the inclusion of hypervariable expansion–contraction rRNA regions. Based on the agreement among a number of independent analyses that use a range of different datasets (morphology; multiple genes; mitochondrial/whole genomes), Eriophyoidea are almost certain to be closely related to Nematalycidae, a family of vermiform mites within Endeostigmata, a basal acariform grade. Much of the morphological evidence in support of this relationship was apparent after the discovery of Nematalycidae in the middle of the 20th century. 
  • 645
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Crops for Bioeconomy Development
Industrial and bioenergy crops should include nonfood and nonfeed crops and generate agricultural products categorized as commodities and/or raw materials for industrial goods and bioenergy. 
  • 641
  • 08 Feb 2022
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