Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Treatment for Itch in Atopic Dermatitis
This entry briefly describes the recent drugs for the treatment of atopic itch.
  • 678
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Applications of Genome Editing for Avian Model Development
Avian models are valuable for studies of development and reproduction and have important implications for food production. Rapid advances in genome-editing technologies have enabled the establishment of avian species as unique agricultural, industrial, disease-resistant, and pharmaceutical models. The direct introduction of genome-editing tools, such as the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system, into early embryos has been achieved in various animal taxa. The advancement of avian germline transmission and genome editing technology enabled researchers to develop various genome edited avian models, including a disease resistant model, efficient bioreactor, and academic model for scientific use.
  • 676
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Flavor Compound Hexanal Content in Chinese Native Chickens
The role of hexanal in flavor as an indicator of the degree of oxidation of meat products is undeniable. However, the genes and pathways of hexanal formation have not been characterized in detail.
  • 675
  • 02 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Toxigenic Molds in Ripened Foods and Biocontrol Strategies
Ripened foods of animal origin comprise meat products and dairy products, being transformed by the wild microbiota which populates the raw materials, generating highly appreciated products over the world. Together with this beneficial microbiota, toxigenic molds such as Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp., can contaminate these products and pose a risk for the consumers. Thus, effective strategies to hamper these hazards are required. Additionally, consumer demand for clean label products is increasing. Therefore, the manufacturing sector is seeking new efficient, natural, low-environmental impact and easy to apply strategies to counteract these microorganisms.
  • 675
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Mycotoxins of Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides
Maize is frequently contaminated with multiple mycotoxins, especially those produced by Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides. Mycotoxin contamination is a critical factor that destabilizes global food safety.
  • 674
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Organellar Evolution
Eukaryotic organelles supposedly evolved from their bacterial ancestors because of their benefits to host cells. However, organelles are quite often retained, even when the beneficial metabolic pathway is lost, due to something other than the original beneficial function. The organellar function essential for cell survival is, in the end, the result of organellar evolution, particularly losses of redundant metabolic pathways present in both the host and endosymbiont, followed by a gradual distribution of metabolic functions between the organelle and host.
  • 673
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Monoclonal Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2
Antibodies are now a versatile tool for diagnostics and therapy of various conditions in humans and hyperimmune sera can be replaced by specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). mAbs have been known since the 1970s. Numerous mAbs have been developed against SARS-CoV 2 and have proven their effectiveness, especially in the management of the mild-to-moderate disease. 
  • 671
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Selenium/Vitamins E/B9 in Bovine Mastitis during Periparturient Period
Mastitis (inflammation of the mammary gland) commonly occurs in dairy cattle during the periparturient period (transition period), in which dairy cattle experience physiological and hormonal changes and severe negative energy balance, followed by oxidative stress. The periparturient period in dairy cattle is critical and predisposes them to mastitis. Key factors leading to the susceptibility of dairy cattle to mastitis during the transition period are negative energy balance, followed by excessive lipid mobilization, oxidative stress, and consequent abnormal regulation of immunity and inflammation. Dairy cattle experience severe deficiency of some key nutrients (vitamin E, folic acid, and selenium) during the perinatal period, which predisposes them to mastitis. Vitamin (E and folic acid) and Se supplementation positively impact immunoregulation and relieve the oxidative and inflammatory status in dairy cattle during the periparturient phase. 
  • 671
  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
Enrichment for Laboratory Zebrafish
Enrichment is accepted as an essential requirement for meeting the behavioural needs and improving the welfare of many laboratory animal species, but in general, provision for zebrafish is minimal.
  • 669
  • 26 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Eriophyoidea (Acariformes) in the Tree of Life
Over the past century and a half, the taxonomic placement of Eriophyoidea has been in flux. For much of this period, this group has been treated as a subtaxon within Trombidiformes. However, the vast majority of phylogenetic analyses, including almost all phylogenomic analyses, place this group outside Trombidiformes. The few studies that still place Eriophyoidea within Trombidiformes are likely to be biased by incomplete taxon/gene sampling, long branch attraction, the omission of RNA secondary structure in sequence alignment, and the inclusion of hypervariable expansion–contraction rRNA regions. Based on the agreement among a number of independent analyses that use a range of different datasets (morphology; multiple genes; mitochondrial/whole genomes), Eriophyoidea are almost certain to be closely related to Nematalycidae, a family of vermiform mites within Endeostigmata, a basal acariform grade. Much of the morphological evidence in support of this relationship was apparent after the discovery of Nematalycidae in the middle of the 20th century. 
  • 669
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Virus Mutations and SARS-CoV-2
The COVID-19 virus strains were named after Greek alphabetical letters, and the designation is based on the positions and number of mutations. There are some disagreements regarding mutations belonging to specific strain groups, probably because different mutations evolved and spread further on different continents and states.
  • 668
  • 30 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Dendritic Cells and Exosomes in Antitumor Immunity
Dendritic cells play a fundamental role in the antitumor immunity cycle, and the loss of their antigen-presenting function is a recognized mechanism of tumor evasion. Recently it demonstrated the effect of exosomes extracted from serum of patients with acute myeloid leukemia as important inducers of dendritic cell immunotolerance, adding evidence on the important role of intercellular communication by nanoparticles on antitumor responses.
  • 667
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Localized Proteasomal Degradation
The proteasome is responsible for selective degradation of most cellular proteins. Abundantly present in the cell, proteasomes not only diffuse in the cytoplasm and the nucleus but also associate with the chromatin, cytoskeleton, various membranes and membraneless organelles/condensates. How and why the proteasome gets to these specific subcellular compartments remains poorly understood, although increasing evidence supports the hypothesis that intracellular localization may have profound impacts on the activity, substrate accessibility and stability/integrity of the proteasome.
  • 667
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Circular RNAs in Mammalian Ovaries
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are an abundant class of endogenous non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) generated from exonic, intronic, or untranslated regions of protein-coding genes or intergenic regions. The diverse, stable, and specific expression patterns of circRNAs and their possible functions through cis/trans regulation and protein-coding mechanisms make circRNA a research hotspot in various biological and pathological processes. It also shows practical value as biomarkers, diagnostic indicators, and therapeutic targets. 
  • 667
  • 14 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Long-Read Sequencing in Clinical Bacterial Studies
The powerful combination of genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis has played a crucial role in interpreting information encoded in bacterial genomes. High-throughput sequencing technologies have paved the way towards understanding an increasingly wide range of biological questions. This revolution has enabled advances in areas ranging from genome composition to how proteins interact with nucleic acids. This has created unprecedented opportunities through the integration of genomic data into clinics for the diagnosis of genetic traits associated with disease.  Long-read sequencing has overcome previous limitations in terms of accuracy, thus expanding its applications in genomics, transcriptomics and metagenomics.
  • 666
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Beef-on-Dairy at the Animal Level
The decline in farm revenue due to volatile milk prices has led to an increase in the use of beef semen in dairy herds. While this strategy (“Beef-on-dairy” (BoD)) can have economic benefits, it can also lead to unintended consequences affecting animal welfare. Semen sale trends from breeding organizations depict increasing sales of beef semen across the globe. Calves born from such breeding strategies can perform better when compared to purebred dairy calves, especially in terms of meat quality and growth traits. The Beef-on-dairy strategy can lead to unintentional negative impacts including an increase in gestation length, and increased dystocia and stillbirth rates. Studies in this regard have found the highest gestation length for Limousin crossbred calves followed by calves from the Angus breed.
  • 666
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Potential Anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis Activity of Plant SMs
Tuberculosis (TB) is a recurrent and progressive disease, with high mortality rates worldwide. The drug-resistance phenomenon of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a major obstruction of allelopathy treatment. An adverse side effect of allelopathic treatment is that it causes serious health complications. The search for suitable alternatives of conventional regimens is needed, i.e., by considering medicinal plant secondary metabolites to explore anti-TB drugs, targeting the action site of M. tuberculosis.
  • 665
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Effect of Protein Genotypes on Physicochemical Properties
High protein content was reported by Ikonen et al.in milk genotyped A1A1-BB, A1A2-AB and A1A1-AB, while a low protein content was related to the A1A1-EE genotype. For the composite genotype of αS1-β-κ-CN, B-A1-B was reported to be positively correlated with percentages of fat and protein in Holstein cows, Brown Swiss cowsand Finnish Ayshire cows, as well as in a local Italian Reggiana cows, but negatively correlated with milk yield. Haplotype C-A2-B has similar effects to B-A1-B, and also leads to low milk yield and high protein concentration.
  • 665
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Osteoporosis
As an insidious metabolic bone disease, osteoporosis plagues the world, with high incidence rates. Patients with osteoporosis are prone to falls and becoming disabled, and their cone fractures and hip fractures are very serious, so the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis is very urgent. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are particles secreted from cells to the outside of the cell and they are wrapped in a bilayer of phospholipids. According to the size of the particles, they can be divided into three categories, namely exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. The diameter of exosomes is 30–150 nm, the diameter of microvesicles is 100–1000 nm, and the diameter of apoptotic bodies is about 50–5000 nm. EVs play an important role in various biological process and diseases including osteoporosis.
  • 664
  • 22 Mar 2022
Topic Review
The Less Known Cyclins
Cyclins belong to a group of proteins that are cyclically produced and destructed in a cell. Cyclins are a family of proteins that are a key component of the cell cycle regulating system, which level of expression depends on the phase of the cycle.
  • 663
  • 22 Mar 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 70
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback

Quick Survey

Encyclopedia MDPI is conducting a targeted survey to identify the specific barriers hindering efficient research. We invite you to spend 3 minutes defining the priorities for our next generation of structured knowledge tools.
Take Survey