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Topic Review
Axiomatic Theory of Receptive Fields
Receptive field profiles registered by cell recordings have shown that mammalian vision has developed receptive fields tuned to different sizes and orientations in the image domain as well as to different image velocities in space-time. Corresponding cell recordings in the auditory system has shown that mammals have developed receptive fields tuned to different frequencies as well as temporal transients. This article describes normative theories that have been developed to explain these properties of sensory receptive fields based on structural properties of the environment. Beyond theoretical explanation of biological phenomena, these theories can also be used for computational modelling of biological receptive fields and for building algorithms for artificial perception based on sensory data.
  • 806
  • 07 Nov 2022
Biography
Oliver Reynolds Wulf
Oliver Reynolds Wulf (22 April 1897, Norwich, Connecticut – 11 January 1987) was a chemist, physicist, and meteorologist, known for his research on nitrogen fixation, ozone, atmospheric dynamics, and ions and winds in the ionosphere.[1] After high school in Connecticut, Oliver entered Worcester Polytechnic Institute in 1915. His education was interrupted when he joined the U. S. Navy in Jun
  • 805
  • 12 Dec 2022
Biography
Wilson Marcy Powell
Wilson Marcy Powell (July 18, 1903 – March 2, 1974) was an American physicist and a member of the Physics department at the University of California, Berkeley. The son of Harvard lawyer Wilson Marcy Powell, Sr. and Elsie Knapp, Wilson was born in Litchfield, Connecticut.[1] He matriculated into Harvard College in 1922 and graduated in 1926. During his undergraduate years, Powell went on two
  • 804
  • 12 Dec 2022
Biography
Edwin Clarence Riegel
Edwin Clarence Riegel (June 18, 1879 – 1953), generally known as E.C. Riegel, was an American author, consumer advocate and independent scholar who campaigned against restrictions on free markets that harmed consumers and promoted an alternative monetary theory and an early private enterprise currency alternative. Best selling libertarian author Harry Browne, in the introduction to his 1974 b
  • 803
  • 20 Dec 2022
Biography
Vasila Hajiyeva
Vasila Hajiyeva (Azerbaijani: Vəsilə Hacıyeva Cümşüd qızı born on April 12, 1969, Baku, Azerbaijan) - is an Azerbaijani political scientist, Professor of Political Science. [1] Doctor of Sciences on Politics (D.Sc. - equivalent to a Habilitation). (defense-2011, diploma-2012). The Academy of Public Administration at the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Baku. Thesis titled
  • 802
  • 06 Dec 2022
Biography
Caroline Herzenberg
Caroline Stuart Littlejohn Herzenberg (born March 25, 1932) is an American physicist. Caroline Herzenberg was born Caroline Stuart Littlejohn to Caroline Dorothea Schulze and Charles Frederick Littlejohn on March 25, 1932 in East Orange, New Jersey.[1][2] In the aftermath of the Great Depression, her parents decided to move to Oklahoma City Oklahoma to join his sister, Hilda Littlejohn Will a
  • 802
  • 29 Dec 2022
Biography
Claud Lovelace
Claud Lovelace (16 January 1934 – 7 September 2012) was a theoretical physicist noted for his contributions to string theory, specifically, the idea that strings did not have to be restricted to the four dimensions of spacetime. A study in 2009 ranked him as the 14th most influential physicist in the world for the period 1967–1973.[1] Claud William Venton Lovelace was born in London, Eng
  • 801
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Glossitis Areata Migrans
Geographic tongue, also known by several other terms,[note 1] is a condition of the mucous membrane of the tongue, usually on the dorsal surface. It is a common condition, affecting approximately 2–3% of the general population. It is characterized by areas of smooth, red depapillation (loss of lingual papillae) which migrate over time. The name comes from the map-like appearance of the tongue, with the patches resembling the islands of an archipelago. The cause is unknown, but the condition is entirely benign (importantly, it does not represent oral cancer), and there is no curative treatment. Uncommonly, geographic tongue may cause a burning sensation on the tongue, for which various treatments have been described with little formal evidence of efficacy.
  • 801
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Glutathione S-Transferases in Cancer
In humans, the glutathione S-transferases (GST) protein family is composed of seven members that present remarkable structural similarity and some degree of overlapping functionalities. GST proteins are crucial antioxidant enzymes that regulate stress-induced signaling pathways. Interestingly, overactive GST proteins are a frequent feature of many human cancers. Recent evidence has revealed that the biology of most GST proteins is complex and multifaceted and that these proteins actively participate in tumorigenic processes such as cell survival, cell proliferation, and drug resistance. Structural and pharmacological studies have identified various GST inhibitors, and these molecules have progressed to clinical trials for the treatment of cancer and other diseases.
  • 799
  • 11 May 2021
Topic Review
Adaptation to Global Warming in Australia
According to non-governmental organizations such as Greenpeace and global scientific organisations such as the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the frequency and intensity of disasters brought about by greenhouse gas emissions and climate change will grow rapidly in the world. The risks are particularly severe in some regions of Australia , such as the Great Barrier Reef in Queensland, the Macquarie Marshes in New South Wales. The Department of Climate Change said in its Climate Change Impacts and Costs fact sheet: "...ecologically rich sites, such as the Great Barrier Reef, Queensland Wet Tropics, Kakadu Wetlands, Australian Alpine areas, south-western Australia and sub- Antarctic islands are all at risk, with significant loss of biodiversity projected to occur by 2020". It also said: "Very conservatively, 90 Australian animal species have so far been identified at risk from climate change, including mammals, insects, birds, reptiles, fish and amphibians from all parts of Australia." Australia is already the driest populated continent in the world. Climate change is recognised as one of the largest global crises. The issue has gained traction around the world as the world becomes increasingly urbanised. This is because urbanisation brings irreversible changes in our patterns of resource/waste production and consumption. Therefore, how to plan, manage and live in cities will be largely determined by the progress of the climate change phenomenon. According to projections by the Department of Climate Change in Australia, it is expected that national average temperatures would increase by 0.4 to 2.0 °C . Based on some predictions for 2070, data suggests that people who are not used to the hotter climate may experience as much as 45 days per year where they are unable to handle being outside in comparison to the current 4–6 days per year. Rainfall patterns and the degree of droughts and storms brought about by extreme weather conditions are likely to be affected. Research has suggested that nearly three-quarters of global energy consumption occur in cities, while emissions of greenhouse gases that cause global warming come from urban areas. Nearly a third of these emissions are caused by the burning of fossil fuels used in urban transportation. Another third is formed from the energy used to regulate building temperature and to run personal appliances. The final third is contributed by the industrial sector. The main emitters of greenhouse gases are the construction, real estate, agriculture and metallurgical industries, the transportation sector, the industrial uses of fossil fuels and the burning of biomass. Some examples of daily activities that contribute to the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere include the use of carbon-based electricity in street lighting, driving motor vehicles, cooking, and the lighting, heating and cooling of housing. If the policies of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries remain unchanged, specifically Australia and the United States, and also China and India, carbon dioxide emissions, which represents 72% of all greenhouse gas emissions, will increase by a third in the year 2020 instead of the 5% reduction as was approved in the Kyoto Protocol. With the current path of climate change, the world population is entering an era of growing urban vulnerability. The accelerated pace of urbanisation and the increasing percentage of the world's population living in cities has significantly increased the vulnerability of urban areas as anthropogenic hazards and agents for climate change.
  • 799
  • 29 Nov 2022
Biography
Alexander Clifford Beauglehole
Alexander Clifford Beauglehole (26 August 1920 – 19 January 2002) was an Australian farmer, botanist, plant collector and naturalist. Beauglehole was born in Gorae West, a locality near Portland in the Shire of Glenelg, of south-western Victoria. He attended Gorae state primary school but left after attaining his Qualifying Certificate to help his parents on the farm.[1] He soon began makin
  • 798
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Stress Accelerates Tumor Progression via Sympathetic Nervous System
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) originates in the ventral brainstem, where sympathetic premotor neurons are found. They are found predominantly in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) and in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVMM). These neurons project to the intermediolateral nucleus (IML, also known as the sympathetic preganglionic nucleus), which then projects to the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) for terminal output to peripheral organs which control heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, glycemia, vigilance and other physiological responses. When negative emotions are induced under chronic stress, the sympathetic nervous system is continuously activated and increases the release of catecholamines (such as epinephrine and norepinephrine). In a spontaneous colon tumor model, ablation of sympathetic premotor neurons in APCmin/+ mice reduces the number of polyps in the mouse intestine. Sympathetic denervation also leads to decreased tumorigenesis in a spontaneous prostate tumor mouse model. These results suggest that loss of SNS function may slow tumorigenesis.
  • 794
  • 01 Nov 2022
Biography
John Palms
John Michael Palms (born June 6, 1935 in Rijswijk, Netherlands) is a nuclear physicist and former university administrator in the United States. Palms and his family let the Netherlands shortly after Germany invaded Poland, returned after the war, and then permanently immigrated to the United States in 1951, and became a naturalized citizen in 1957. Palms is married to Norma Cannon Palms, LHD (
  • 792
  • 27 Dec 2022
Biography
Henry H. Barschall
Henry Herman ("Heinz") Barschall (April 29, 1915 – February 4, 1997) was a Germany -United States physicist.[1][2] Barschall was born as Heinrich Hermann Barschall in Berlin, Germany; his father was a patent attorney who had received a Ph.D. in chemistry after studying with Nobel Laureates Emil Fischer and Fritz Haber. After beginning study in several universities in Germany, he emigrated
  • 791
  • 13 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Enteroaggregative Escherichia Coli
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC or EAggEC) are a pathotype of Escherichia coli which cause acute and chronic diarrhea in both the developed and developing world. They may also cause urinary tract infections. EAEC are defined by their "stacked-brick" pattern of adhesion to the human laryngeal epithelial cell line HEp-2. The pathogenesis of EAEC involves the aggregation of and adherence of the bacteria to the intestinal mucosa, where they elaborate enterotoxins and cytotoxins that damage host cells and induce inflammation that results in diarrhea. EAEC is now recognized as an emerging enteric pathogen. In particular, EAEC are reported as the second most common cause of traveler's diarrhea, second only to Enterotoxigenic E. coli, and a common cause of diarrhea amongst pediatric populations. It has also been associated with chronic infections in the latter, as well as in immunocompromised hosts, such as HIV-infected individuals. Awareness of EAEC was increased by a serious outbreak in Germany during 2011, causing over 5000 cases and at least 50 fatalities. The pathogen responsible was found to be an EAEC O104:H4 strain which was lysogenized by a Shiga toxin encoding phage (typically associated with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, which often encode the adhesin intimin). The putative cause of the outbreak were sprouted fenugreek seeds. Strains of EAEC are highly genetically heterogeneous, and the identification of virulence factors important for pathogenesis has proven difficult. Many EAEC encode a transcriptional factor named aggR (aggregative regulator), part of the AraC family of transcription activators. AggR regulates many plasmid, as well chromosomally encoded, virulence factors, that include genes implicated in aggregative adherence fimbriae biogenesis and toxin production. Several toxins have been linked to EAEC virulence, including ShET1 (Shigella enterotoxin 1), Pet (plasmid‐encoded toxin), and EAST-1. However, further studies of these factors have failed to elucidate their role in pathogenesis.
  • 788
  • 14 Oct 2022
Biography
Gabriel Aeppli
Gabriel Aeppli, PhD FRS (born 25 November 1956 in Zurich) is a Swiss-American physicist, co-founder of the London Centre for Nanotechnology and professor of physics at ETH Zürich and EPF Lausanne, and head of the Synchrotron and Nanotechnology department of the Paul Scherrer Institute, also in Switzerland.[1][2] He has contributed to spectroscopy on the magnetism of disordered systems and on h
  • 788
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Improving Safe Approaches to Manage Plant-Parasitic Nematodes
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) infect and cause substantial yield losses of many foods, feed, and fiber crops. Increasing concern over chemical nematicides has increased interest in safe alternative methods to minimize these losses. This entry focuses on the use and potential of current methods such as biologicals, botanicals, non-host crops, and related rotations, as well as modern techniques against PPNs in sustainable agroecosystems. To evaluate their potential for control, researchers offers overviews of their interactions with other biotic and abiotic factors from the standpoint of PPN management. The positive or negative roles of specific production practices are assessed in the context of integrated pest management. Examples are given to reinforce PPN control and increase crop yields via dual-purpose, sequential, and co-application of agricultural inputs. The involved PPN control mechanisms were reviewed with suggestions to optimize their gains. Using the biologicals would preferably be backed by agricultural conservation practices to face issues related to their reliability, inconsistency, and slow activity against PPNs. These practices may comprise offering supplementary resources, such as adequate organic matter, enhancing their habitat quality via specific soil amendments, and reducing or avoiding negative influences of pesticides. Soil microbiome and planted genotypes should be manipulated in specific nematode-suppressive soils to conserve native biologicals that serve to control PPNs. Culture-dependent techniques may be expanded to use promising microbial groups of the suppressive soils to recycle in their host populations. Other modern techniques for PPN control are discussed to maximize their efficient use.
  • 788
  • 08 Feb 2023
Biography
Robert S. Shankland
Robert Sherwood Shankland (January 11, 1908 – March 1, 1982) was an American physicist and historian.[1] Robert S. Shankland was an undergraduate at the Case School for Applied Sciences from 1925–1929 and received his master's degree in 1933. He completed his Ph.D. degree in 1935 for work on photon scattering with Arthur Compton at the University of Chicago. His other research included wo
  • 787
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Necrotizing Gingivitis
Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) is a common, non-contagious infection of the gums with sudden onset. The main features are painful, bleeding gums, and ulceration of inter-dental papillae (the sections of gum between adjacent teeth). This disease, along with necrotizing (ulcerative) periodontitis (NP or NUP) is classified as a necrotizing periodontal disease, one of the seven general types of gum disease caused by inflammation of the gums (periodontitis). The often severe gum pain that characterizes ANUG distinguishes it from the more common chronic periodontitis which is rarely painful. If ANUG is improperly treated or neglected, it may become chronic and/or recurrent. The causative organisms are mostly anaerobic bacteria, particularly Fusobacteriota and spirochete species. Predisposing factors include poor oral hygiene, smoking, poor nutrition, psychological stress, and a weakened immune system. When the attachments of the teeth to the bone are involved, the term NUP is used. Treatment of ANUG is by removal of dead gum tissue and antibiotics (usually metronidazole) in the acute phase, and improving oral hygiene to prevent recurrence. Although the condition has a rapid onset and is debilitating, it usually resolves quickly and does no serious harm. The informal name trench mouth arose during World War I as many soldiers developed the disease, probably because of the poor conditions and extreme psychological stress.
  • 786
  • 08 Oct 2022
Biography
Peter Palese
Peter Palese is a United States microbiologist and Professor and Chair of the Department of Microbiology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City ,[1] and an expert in the field of RNA viruses.[2] Palese built "the first genetic maps for influenza A, B and C viruses, identified the function of several viral genes, ...defined the mechanism of neuraminidase inhibitors (whic
  • 784
  • 22 Nov 2022
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