+1 credit
| Version | Summary | Created by | Modification | Content Size | Created at | Operation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sirius Huang | -- | 1380 | 2022-10-13 01:38:46 |
Video Upload Options
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC or EAggEC) are a pathotype of Escherichia coli which cause acute and chronic diarrhea in both the developed and developing world. They may also cause urinary tract infections. EAEC are defined by their "stacked-brick" pattern of adhesion to the human laryngeal epithelial cell line HEp-2. The pathogenesis of EAEC involves the aggregation of and adherence of the bacteria to the intestinal mucosa, where they elaborate enterotoxins and cytotoxins that damage host cells and induce inflammation that results in diarrhea. EAEC is now recognized as an emerging enteric pathogen. In particular, EAEC are reported as the second most common cause of traveler's diarrhea, second only to Enterotoxigenic E. coli, and a common cause of diarrhea amongst pediatric populations. It has also been associated with chronic infections in the latter, as well as in immunocompromised hosts, such as HIV-infected individuals. Awareness of EAEC was increased by a serious outbreak in Germany during 2011, causing over 5000 cases and at least 50 fatalities. The pathogen responsible was found to be an EAEC O104:H4 strain which was lysogenized by a Shiga toxin encoding phage (typically associated with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, which often encode the adhesin intimin). The putative cause of the outbreak were sprouted fenugreek seeds. Strains of EAEC are highly genetically heterogeneous, and the identification of virulence factors important for pathogenesis has proven difficult. Many EAEC encode a transcriptional factor named aggR (aggregative regulator), part of the AraC family of transcription activators. AggR regulates many plasmid, as well chromosomally encoded, virulence factors, that include genes implicated in aggregative adherence fimbriae biogenesis and toxin production. Several toxins have been linked to EAEC virulence, including ShET1 (Shigella enterotoxin 1), Pet (plasmid‐encoded toxin), and EAST-1. However, further studies of these factors have failed to elucidate their role in pathogenesis.
References
- Jensen, Betina Hebbelstrup; Olsen, Katharina E. P.; Struve, Carsten; Krogfelt, Karen Angeliki; Petersen, Andreas Munk (2014). "Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestations of Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli". Clinical Microbiology Reviews 27 (3): 614–630. doi:10.1128/CMR.00112-13. ISSN 0893-8512. PMID 24982324. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4135892
- "What are the incubation periods for infections?". 2018-06-26. https://www.nhs.uk/common-health-questions/infections/what-are-the-incubation-periods-for-infections/.
- "The 2011 German Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli O104:H4 Outbreak-The Danger Is Still Out There". Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 416: 117–148. 2018. doi:10.1007/82_2018_107. ISBN 978-3-319-99663-9. PMID 30062592. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F82_2018_107
- "What Are Antibiotics?" (in en). https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-are-antibiotics.
- "E. coli – treatments and diagnosis" (in en). https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/e-coli/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372064.
- Nataro, James P.; Steiner, Theodore (2002), "Enteroaggregative and Diffusely Adherent Escherichia Coli", Escherichia Coli (Elsevier): pp. 189–207, doi:10.1016/b978-012220751-8/50007-0, ISBN 9780122207518 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-012220751-8%2F50007-0
- Kaur, P.; Chakraborti, A.; Asea, A. (2010). "Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli : An Emerging Enteric Food Borne Pathogen" (in en). Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases 2010: 254159. doi:10.1155/2010/254159. ISSN 1687-708X. PMID 20300577. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2837894
- "Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli". Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 416: 27–50. 2018. doi:10.1007/82_2018_105. ISBN 978-3-319-99663-9. PMID 30232602. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F82_2018_105
- Nataro, J. P.; Kaper, J. B.; Robins-Browne, R.; Prado, V.; Vial, P.; Levine, M. M. (September 1987). "Patterns of adherence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli to HEp-2 cells.". The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 6 (9): 829–831. doi:10.1097/00006454-198709000-00008. ISSN 0891-3668. PMID 3313248. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2F00006454-198709000-00008
