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Topic Review
The Oncology Clinical Nurse Specialist
The role of a clinical nurse specialist in oncology varies greatly between healthcare systems, and implementing this healthcare role with its multifaceted and co-existing responsibilities may prove challenging. While already integrated into healthcare systems and services in several European countries, Asia, Canada, and the United States, other countries are just beginning to develop clinical nursing specialties.
  • 301
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Community-Based Pharmacies
As pharmacy practice shifts its focus toward population health care needs that serve public health, there is a need to understand community-based pharmacies’ contributions to the reduction in health disparities.
  • 292
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Just and Fair ICU Triage Process
Triage is a dynamic and complex decision-making process to determine fair access to medical care in mass casualty situations. Triage takes place through healthcare settings including Intensive Care Units (ICUs). Triage governing principles have been subject to ethical debates for a long time specifically with the recent global pandemic of COVID-19. 
  • 275
  • 01 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Opioid Stigma in Cancer Settings
Cancer-related pain affects a majority of patients with advanced cancer and is often undertreated. The treatment of this pain is largely reliant on the use of opioids, which are essential medicines for symptom management and the maintenance of quality of life (QoL) for patients with advanced cancer. While there are cancer-specific guidelines for the treatment of pain, widespread publication and policy changes in response to the opioid epidemic have drastically impacted perceptions of opioid use leading to stigmatization. 
  • 272
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Revolutionizing HIV-1 Viral Load Monitoring in India
India continues to grapple with a significant burden of HIV infections. Despite notable progress in prevention and treatment efforts, multiple challenges, such as high-risk populations, inadequate testing facilities, and limited access to healthcare in remote areas, persist. Though the Government of India offers HIV-1 plasma viral load testing at various medical centers, aiding treatment decisions and monitoring antiretroviral therapy effectiveness, enhancing care for individuals living with HIV under the National AIDS Control Program (NACP), the nation’s large population and diverse demographics further complicate its outreach and response. Hence, strategic interventions and alternative methods of testing remain crucial to curbing HIV transmission and improving the quality of life for those affected. Dried blood spot (DBS) sampling has emerged as a convenient and cost-effective alternative for HIV-1 viral load testing, revolutionizing the landscape of diagnostic and monitoring strategies for HIV infection. Though the plasma-based viral load remains the gold standard for monitoring HIV-1, DBS-based HIV-1 viral load testing holds immense promise for improving access to care, particularly in resource-limited settings where traditional plasma-based methods may be logistically challenging. DBS entails the collection of a small volume of blood onto filter paper, followed by drying and storage. This approach offers numerous advantages, including simplified sample collection, transportation, and storage, reducing the need for cold-chain logistics. 
  • 271
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Potential Harmful Effects of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms
Gut luminal dysbiosis and pathobiosis result in compositional and biodiversified alterations in the microbial and host co-metabolites. The primary mechanism of bacterial evolution is horizontal gene transfer (HGT), and the acquisition of new traits can be achieved through the exchange of mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Introducing genetically engineered microbes (GEMs) might break the harmonized balance in the intestinal compartment.
  • 268
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Tax Planning on Tobacco Economy in Europe
Taxes on the consumption of certain products have played a key role in public revenue analysis in European countries. The global market for alternative risk-reduced tobacco products, such as e-cigarettes, heated tobacco products (HTPs), nicotine pouches, and snus, has been rapidly growing. As these products are relatively new, there is a lack of consensus among policymakers on how to regulate them, particularly in terms of taxation.
  • 263
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Impact of COVID-19 on Hospital Profit Compensation Activities
The impact of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is still being felt, and little is known about the impact on hospital operations of the loss of outpatients and inpatients due to COVID-19 in many counties. Therefore exploring whether hospitals have adopted profit-compensation activities following the first wave of the COVID-19 outbreak in China in 2020. 2616589 inpatient records for 2018, 2019, and 2020 were extracted from 36 tertiary hospitals in a western province; a difference-in-difference event study design was used to estimate the dynamic impact of COVID-19 on total inpatient costs before and after the last confirmed case. An increase in mean total costs per patient of between 8.7% and 16.7% can be found in the first 25 weeks after urban reopening and return to normal hospitalization. It indicates that hospitals experienced profit compensating activity after the first wave of the outbreak in China in 2020, driven by the reduction in hospital admissions during that wave.
  • 252
  • 12 May 2023
Topic Review
Awareness and Knowledge of Human Papillomavirus
The burden of human papillomavirus (HPV) and HPV-related diseases, particularly cervical cancer, are still very high in Africa. Unlike HIV/AIDS, the burden is still largely unrecognized in several African countries. HPV is diagnosed in more than 90% of cervical cancers, which are the most common cause of cancer death among women in Africa. Overall, HPV infection and related diseases are more prevalent in developing countries with minimal resources to tackle them. For instance, Africa is characterized by low access to health services and cancer care in particular.
  • 252
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Future Improvement Strategies of Healthcare Systems
Healthcare services are essential for the well-being and quality of life of people. However, the quality and accessibility of healthcare services vary across countries and regions, depending on various factors such as the economic development, health policies, infrastructure, and culture.
  • 229
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Promoting Better Mental Health in People with Autism
The rising prevalence of autism internationally has been accompanied by an increased appreciation of the poorer mental health experienced by people with this condition and also of their family care-givers. In particular, higher incidences of anxiety and depression are reported in high-income nations and these conditions are likely to be under-recognised and under-reported in lower-resourced regions or countries. Mainstream mental health services seem to be ill-equipped to respond adequately to the needs of autistic persons and their care-givers.
  • 227
  • 07 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Full Value of Vaccine Assessment
A framework to guide the assessment and communication of the value of a vaccine—the Full Value of Vaccine Assessment (FVVA)—has been developed by the WHO. The FVVA framework offers a holistic assessment of the value of vaccines, providing a synthesis of evidence to inform the public health need of a vaccine, describing the supply and demand aspects, its market and its impact from a health, financial and economic perspective. 
  • 215
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Long-Term Care Insurance
Long-term care insurance is insurance that pays for expenses incurred by individuals who are unable to care for themselves due to old age, illness, or disability, as well as individuals who need to be accompanied to medical appointments at home or in a nursing home. Long-term care insurance falls under the category of health insurance, where the subject matter is an individual's physical health condition. Usually the period of care is very long, it may be six months, one year, several years or even ten years or more. The point of care is to maintain the individual's physical functioning for as long as possible rather than primarily for the purpose of healing, and long term care insurance serves as a financial reimbursement for the cost of care. Long-term care insurance primarily pays for the daily care costs of the elderly, or those caused by illness or disability. It is usually categorized into home care and institutional care. The difference with Medicare is that Medicare primarily covers the cost of medically necessary care, whereas long-term care insurance is primarily used to pay for the cost of general life care and generally does not cover medical interventions
  • 207
  • 31 Oct 2024
Topic Review
The World Health Organization (WHO): An In-Depth Overview
The World Health Organization (WHO), established in 1948, is a specialized agency of the United Nations focused on international public health. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, WHO plays a pivotal role in global health governance by providing leadership on health matters, setting norms and standards, and offering technical support to countries. The organization is structured into six regional offices and is governed by the World Health Assembly and the Executive Board. WHO’s core areas of focus include combating infectious diseases, addressing non-communicable diseases, strengthening health systems, and responding to health emergencies. Notably, WHO led the global eradication of smallpox and has been instrumental in initiatives against polio, HIV/AIDS, and most recently, COVID-19. Despite its successes, WHO faces challenges such as funding constraints, bureaucratic inefficiencies, and political pressures. As it looks to the future, WHO’s work will continue to be guided by its commitment to promoting health, achieving universal health coverage, and addressing emerging health threats, ensuring its ongoing relevance and impact in global health.
  • 80
  • 04 Sep 2024
Topic Review
Hydrocortisone in Community Acquired Pneumonia
Summary of Key Findings Oxygenation and Respiratory Outcomes: Hydrocortisone significantly improved oxygenation (PaO₂/FiO₂ ratio) and increased the number of mechanical ventilation-free days. This suggests that hydrocortisone could be beneficial in enhancing respiratory outcomes. Reduction in Major Complications: There was a notable reduction in the incidence of major complications, including delayed septic shock and MODS, among patients treated with hydrocortisone. Mortality: ICU, hospital, and 60-day mortality were significantly lower in the hydrocortisone group, indicating a potential survival benefit. Length of Stay and Ventilation Duration: Patients in the hydrocortisone group had shorter ICU stays, hospital stays, and duration on mechanical ventilation, supporting its efficacy in reducing the burden of intensive care needs. Safety Profile: Although complications like ARDS, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and acute renal failure were monitored, there were no significant increases in these adverse events with hydrocortisone. This supports its safety profile in the ICU setting.
  • 24
  • 04 Nov 2024
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