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Topic Review
Caring for Migrant Populations in Italy
The foreign population living in Italy, on 1 January 2021, was about 5.2 million, plus about 500,000 irregular foreigners, according to the ISMU Foundation. It is a “young” population, with a high rate of unaccompanied foreign minors, and the male: female ratio is about 1:1, with wide differences depending on the citizenship of origin.
  • 580
  • 06 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Palestinian Citizens of Israel's Compliance with COVID-19 Regulations
With the continuing surge of COVID-19 waves well into 2022, it has become increasingly clear that vaccination alone, which many expected would make the need for behavioral changes redundant, is not sufficient to restrain the spread of the virus and that the adoption of the behavioral changes recommended by public health services worldwide, in particular social distancing and mask wearing, will still be in the future an indispensable part of the strategy to restrict the contagion. 
  • 579
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Hypophysitis
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are a new type of antitumor drug which can achieve antitumor goals by blocking the binding of immune checkpoints to their ligands, thereby enhancing the activity of T cells. Meanwhile, ICIs block the binding of immune checkpoints to their ligands, disrupting the immune tolerance of T cells to self-antigens, which may lead to a series of immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced hypophysitis (IH) is a relatively rare irAE. Due to the lack of specificity in clinical manifestations, it is difficult to accurately diagnose IH in a timely manner in clinical practice. However, the risk of adverse events, especially IH, for patients receiving ICIs has not been adequately investigated. Missed or delayed diagnosis may lead to poor prognosis or even adverse clinical outcomes.
  • 563
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Potential Harmful Effects of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms
Gut luminal dysbiosis and pathobiosis result in compositional and biodiversified alterations in the microbial and host co-metabolites. The primary mechanism of bacterial evolution is horizontal gene transfer (HGT), and the acquisition of new traits can be achieved through the exchange of mobile genetic elements (MGEs). Introducing genetically engineered microbes (GEMs) might break the harmonized balance in the intestinal compartment.
  • 559
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Disparities in Breast Cancer Diagnostics
Access to medical imaging is pivotal in healthcare, playing a crucial role in the prevention, diagnosis, and management of diseases. However, disparities persist in this scenario, disproportionately affecting marginalized communities, racial and ethnic minorities, and individuals facing linguistic or cultural barriers.
  • 550
  • 03 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Future Improvement Strategies of Healthcare Systems
Healthcare services are essential for the well-being and quality of life of people. However, the quality and accessibility of healthcare services vary across countries and regions, depending on various factors such as the economic development, health policies, infrastructure, and culture.
  • 533
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Community-Based Pharmacies
As pharmacy practice shifts its focus toward population health care needs that serve public health, there is a need to understand community-based pharmacies’ contributions to the reduction in health disparities.
  • 518
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Long-Term Care Insurance
Long-term care insurance is insurance that pays for expenses incurred by individuals who are unable to care for themselves due to old age, illness, or disability, as well as individuals who need to be accompanied to medical appointments at home or in a nursing home. Long-term care insurance falls under the category of health insurance, where the subject matter is an individual's physical health condition. Usually the period of care is very long, it may be six months, one year, several years or even ten years or more. The point of care is to maintain the individual's physical functioning for as long as possible rather than primarily for the purpose of healing, and long term care insurance serves as a financial reimbursement for the cost of care. Long-term care insurance primarily pays for the daily care costs of the elderly, or those caused by illness or disability. It is usually categorized into home care and institutional care. The difference with Medicare is that Medicare primarily covers the cost of medically necessary care, whereas long-term care insurance is primarily used to pay for the cost of general life care and generally does not cover medical interventions
  • 496
  • 31 Oct 2024
Topic Review
Just and Fair ICU Triage Process
Triage is a dynamic and complex decision-making process to determine fair access to medical care in mass casualty situations. Triage takes place through healthcare settings including Intensive Care Units (ICUs). Triage governing principles have been subject to ethical debates for a long time specifically with the recent global pandemic of COVID-19. 
  • 494
  • 01 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Full Value of Vaccine Assessment
A framework to guide the assessment and communication of the value of a vaccine—the Full Value of Vaccine Assessment (FVVA)—has been developed by the WHO. The FVVA framework offers a holistic assessment of the value of vaccines, providing a synthesis of evidence to inform the public health need of a vaccine, describing the supply and demand aspects, its market and its impact from a health, financial and economic perspective. 
  • 491
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Impact of COVID-19 on Hospital Profit Compensation Activities
The impact of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is still being felt, and little is known about the impact on hospital operations of the loss of outpatients and inpatients due to COVID-19 in many counties. Therefore exploring whether hospitals have adopted profit-compensation activities following the first wave of the COVID-19 outbreak in China in 2020. 2616589 inpatient records for 2018, 2019, and 2020 were extracted from 36 tertiary hospitals in a western province; a difference-in-difference event study design was used to estimate the dynamic impact of COVID-19 on total inpatient costs before and after the last confirmed case. An increase in mean total costs per patient of between 8.7% and 16.7% can be found in the first 25 weeks after urban reopening and return to normal hospitalization. It indicates that hospitals experienced profit compensating activity after the first wave of the outbreak in China in 2020, driven by the reduction in hospital admissions during that wave.
  • 463
  • 12 May 2023
Topic Review
Opioid Stigma in Cancer Settings
Cancer-related pain affects a majority of patients with advanced cancer and is often undertreated. The treatment of this pain is largely reliant on the use of opioids, which are essential medicines for symptom management and the maintenance of quality of life (QoL) for patients with advanced cancer. While there are cancer-specific guidelines for the treatment of pain, widespread publication and policy changes in response to the opioid epidemic have drastically impacted perceptions of opioid use leading to stigmatization. 
  • 463
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Promoting Better Mental Health in People with Autism
The rising prevalence of autism internationally has been accompanied by an increased appreciation of the poorer mental health experienced by people with this condition and also of their family care-givers. In particular, higher incidences of anxiety and depression are reported in high-income nations and these conditions are likely to be under-recognised and under-reported in lower-resourced regions or countries. Mainstream mental health services seem to be ill-equipped to respond adequately to the needs of autistic persons and their care-givers.
  • 457
  • 07 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Tax Planning on Tobacco Economy in Europe
Taxes on the consumption of certain products have played a key role in public revenue analysis in European countries. The global market for alternative risk-reduced tobacco products, such as e-cigarettes, heated tobacco products (HTPs), nicotine pouches, and snus, has been rapidly growing. As these products are relatively new, there is a lack of consensus among policymakers on how to regulate them, particularly in terms of taxation.
  • 444
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Awareness and Knowledge of Human Papillomavirus
The burden of human papillomavirus (HPV) and HPV-related diseases, particularly cervical cancer, are still very high in Africa. Unlike HIV/AIDS, the burden is still largely unrecognized in several African countries. HPV is diagnosed in more than 90% of cervical cancers, which are the most common cause of cancer death among women in Africa. Overall, HPV infection and related diseases are more prevalent in developing countries with minimal resources to tackle them. For instance, Africa is characterized by low access to health services and cancer care in particular.
  • 428
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Hydrocortisone in Community Acquired Pneumonia
Summary of Key Findings Oxygenation and Respiratory Outcomes: Hydrocortisone significantly improved oxygenation (PaO₂/FiO₂ ratio) and increased the number of mechanical ventilation-free days. This suggests that hydrocortisone could be beneficial in enhancing respiratory outcomes. Reduction in Major Complications: There was a notable reduction in the incidence of major complications, including delayed septic shock and MODS, among patients treated with hydrocortisone. Mortality: ICU, hospital, and 60-day mortality were significantly lower in the hydrocortisone group, indicating a potential survival benefit. Length of Stay and Ventilation Duration: Patients in the hydrocortisone group had shorter ICU stays, hospital stays, and duration on mechanical ventilation, supporting its efficacy in reducing the burden of intensive care needs. Safety Profile: Although complications like ARDS, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and acute renal failure were monitored, there were no significant increases in these adverse events with hydrocortisone. This supports its safety profile in the ICU setting.
  • 275
  • 04 Nov 2024
Topic Review
Can AI Support Healthcare Workers Serving Low-Literacy Patients?
Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming healthcare around the world with its greatest potential in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), which face workforce shortages, long travel distances, and limited diagnostic capability. AI is an equalizing agent in resource-limited environments, reinforcing the obligation for safe and responsible use for both patients and healthcare workers as highlighted in this perspective. For instance, patients from rural areas can use AI-enabled medication checkers, to identify possible drug interactions, explain side effects, and provide reliable information about known illnesses—with strong disclaimers against self-diagnosis or self-medication. For healthcare workers, AI can create efficiency in workflow, assist in the review of radiologic findings, and support task-shifting in overburdened health systems. This perspective also emphasizes the importance of AI literacy, ethical guidelines, and free continuing professional education (CME) offered by governments and policymakers to support equitable and context appropriate use. Thus, AI can provide a useful, responsible, demonstrably helpful force multiplier, augmenting healthcare capacity, patient safety, and access to quality care in low- and middle-income countries while giving providers helpful advantages in systems where they face overwhelming constraints of time and expertise.
  • 44
  • 24 Nov 2025
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