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Topic Review
Mechanisms of Fe Deficiency in the Rhizosphere
One of the most significant constraints on agricultural productivity is the low availability of iron (Fe) in soil, which is directly related to biological, physical, and chemical activities in the rhizosphere. The rhizosphere has a high iron requirement due to plant absorption and microorganism density. Plant roots and microbes in the rhizosphere play a significant role in promoting plant iron (Fe) uptake, which impacts plant development and physiology by influencing nutritional, biochemical, and soil components. The concentration of iron accessible to these live organisms in most cultivated soil is quite low due to its solubility being limited by stable oxyhydroxide, hydroxide, and oxides. The dissolution and solubility rates of iron are also significantly affected by soil pH, microbial population, organic matter content, redox processes, and particle size of the soil. In Fe-limiting situations, plants and soil microbes have used active strategies such as acidification, chelation, and reduction, which have an important role to play in enhancing soil iron availability to plants. In response to iron deficiency, plant and soil organisms produce organic (carbohydrates, amino acids, organic acids, phytosiderophores, microbial siderophores, and phenolics) and inorganic (protons) chemicals in the rhizosphere to improve the solubility of poorly accessible Fe pools. The investigation of iron-mediated associations among plants and microorganisms influences plant development and health, providing a distinctive prospect to further our understanding of rhizosphere ecology and iron dynamics.
  • 791
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Tail-Biting in Pigs
Tail-biting is globally recognized as a welfare concern for commercial swine production. Substantial research has been undertaken to identify risk factors and intervention methods to decrease and understand this vice. Tail-biting appears to be multifactorial and has proven difficult to predict and control. 
  • 790
  • 12 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Jatropha Biodiesel Source
Environmental pollution is one of the most pressing challenges in today’s world. The main cause of this pollution is fuel emissions from automobiles and other sources. As industrialization progresses, people will be unable to compromise on the use of energy to power heavy machines and will be forced to seek out the best options. As a consequence, utilizing green fuel, such as biodiesel derived from natural sources, is a realistic option. Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae) is recognized as the greatest feedstock for biodiesel production throughout the world, and it has gained a huge market value in the recent years. Conventional cultivation alone will not be sufficient to meet the global need for the plant’s biomass for the production of biodiesel. Adoption of plant tissue culture techniques that improve the biomass availability is an immediate need.
  • 790
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Biomarkers of Pigs' Emotional Valence
It is widely recognized that the assessment of animal welfare should include measures of positive emotional (affective) state. Existing behavioral and physiological indicators of a positive affective state frequently lack sensitivity, objectivity or are unsuitable in a production environment. Therefore, there is a need to develop new approaches to accurately and objectively measure a positive emotional state in animals, including novel molecular markers such a miRNA. These biomarkers must be measurable in the peripheral circulation and provide an accurate account of the physiological and molecular activity in regions of the brain associated with emotional processing. Further, such markers require validation against established behavioral and physiological indices. Here we investigated the efficacy of circulating miRNA as biomarkers of emotional state in the pig.
  • 789
  • 12 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Soil Microbial Indicators within Rotations
Corn and soybean monocultures clustered indicator microbes, while chisel tillage and no-till also showed contrasting effects. Soil organic matter amounts and pH categorized bacterial community structure. Fungal abundance increased under continuous corn compared to continuous soybean. Many archaeal ASVs were ammonia-oxidizers closely associated with specific pH requirements.
  • 788
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
New Genes in the Drosophila Y Chromosome
Y chromosomes play important roles in sex determination and male fertility. In several groups (e.g., mammals) there is strong evidence that they evolved through gene loss from a common X-Y ancestor, but in Drosophila the acquisition of new genes plays a major role. This conclusion came mostly from studies in two species.
  • 788
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Adverse Vaccine Reactions in Pets
A number of studies have demonstrated adverse reactions in pets after administering vaccines to both dogs and cats. Concern about adverse effects has led to revised guidelines that alter the recommended frequency and methods/locations for both vaccination of dogs and feline vaccination.
  • 788
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Deleterious Effects of Heat Stress on Poultry Production
High environmental temperature is one of the significant factors challenging poultry production during hot seasons or in tropical areas causing heat stress (HS). The detrimental effects of HS on broilers range from reduced growth performance to impaired poultry meat quality. HS impairs physiological responses caused by alteration in blood parameters, which could lead to impaired product quality by reducing moisture content and altering the production of antioxidant enzymes resulting in increased oxidative stress. There has been a focus on the use of nutritional supplements as a cost effective HS amelioration strategy, such as betaine and polyphenols. Supplementing broiler chicken’s diets with polyphenols aims to enhance growth performance via reduced levels of oxidative stress in tissues under HS conditions. Furthermore, using betaine as an osmolyte aims to protect tissues during osmotic stress conditions.
  • 786
  • 31 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Harnessing the Power of AI for Modern Agriculture
Agriculture is a critical component of our global economy and food security. Fortunately, AI has the potential to revolutionize modern agriculture and help us meet the challenges of feeding a growing population while minimizing the environmental impact of farming. How AI can be used to optimize crop yields, improve resource efficiency, enhance pest and disease management, and support sustainable farming practices were described here.
  • 786
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Effects of Respiratory Viruses on the Bronchial Endothelium
Endothelial cells (ECs) comprise the inner surface of blood vessels as a single-cell layer that has the function of a semi-permeable barrier between circulating blood and underlying tissue; with a similar function in lymphatic vessels. ECs largely influence the spectrum of tissues that a virus can reach via circulation. ECs are effectors of the host response to viral infections; however, activation of host response to viruses occurs both in infected as well as uninfected cells, due to the diffusion of second messengers across intercellular gap junctions, and the secretion of paracrine mediators
  • 785
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Exotic and Emergent Citrus Viruses
Authors focus on exotic and emerging dangerous citrus viruses that have still not been reported in the countries of the Mediterranean area, that are not yet regulated or that are restricted to certain small areas. They also discuss the contribution that old and new technologies may offer for valuable surveys aimed at promoting the adoption and sharing of better control measures and for the production of pathogen-tested citrus trees and rootstocks.
  • 784
  • 17 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Pathogen Biosensing
Biosensors have an important role in the timely and rapid detection of several pathogens of plants, and this could avoid the introduction of exotic pathogens to newer environments. AuNPs have been widely used to label antibodies specific to target pathogens and develop sensitive and selective biosensors.
  • 784
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Conservation
The biodiversity of our planet is under threat, with approximately one million species expected to become extinct within decades. The reason: negative human actions, which include hunting, overfishing, pollution, and the conversion of land for urbanisation and agricultural purposes. Despite significant investment from charities and governments for activities that benefit nature, global wildlife populations continue to decline. Local wildlife guardians have historically played a critical role in global conservation efforts and have shown their ability to achieve sustainability at various levels.
  • 784
  • 13 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Trichosporonosis
Trichosporonosis is an emerging concern in preterm neonates treated with broad-spectrum antimicrobials and indwelling catheters, and in children with hematologic malignant disease receiving prophylaxis or treatment with echinocandins given their lack of efficacy against this yeast. 
  • 783
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Identification of Tomato Leaf Diseases
Early detection and control of crop disease is essential for farmers, stakeholders, and precision agriculture researchers to reduce the production losses. Early and accurate tomato disease detection using easily available leaf photos is essential for farmers and stakeholders as it help reduce yield loss due to possible disease epidemics.
  • 783
  • 13 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Factors for Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Poultry
Chronic stress is recognized as a secret killer in poultry. It is associated with systemic inflammation due to cytokine release, dysbiosis, and the so-called leaky gut syndrome, which mainly results from oxidative stress reactions that damage the barrier function of the cells lining the gut wall. Poultry, especially the genetically selected broiler breeds, frequently suffer from these chronic stress symptoms when exposed to multiple stressors in their growing environments. 
  • 782
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Lysosomal Membrane Permeabilization
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Many tumors eventually become resistant to hormones, chemotherapy, and radiation by avoiding apoptosis.
  • 782
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Microwave Heating and Plasma for Biosecurity Applications
Microwave heating has been shown to rapidly heat and kill a wide range of pests and pathogens. Examples of microwave thermal disinfestation of soils, grains, hay, and timber are presented and discussed. Microwave energy can also ionize various gasses, including air, to create plasma. Plasmas are described by many characteristics, such as temperature, degree of ionization, and density. In the “after glow” (cold plasma) of a plasma discharge, there are sufficient charged particles and excited atoms to generate elevated UV levels and ionize the surfaces of objects.
  • 782
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Two CONSTANS-like 16 Genes
CONSTANS (CO) is an important regulator of photoperiodic flowering and functions at a key position in the flowering regulatory network. Here, two CO homologs, MiCOL16A and MiCOL16B, were isolated from “SiJiMi” mango to elucidate the mechanisms controlling mango flowering. The MiCOL16A and MiCOL16B genes were highly expressed in the leaves and expressed at low levels in the buds and flowers. The expression levels of MiCOL16A and MiCOL16B increased during the flowering induction period but decreased during the flower organ development and flowering periods.
  • 779
  • 16 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Quality/Yield of Lettuce in Open-Air Rooftop Hydroponic System
Hydroponic rooftop-grown lettuce can be competitive with their indoor counterparts if the rooftop hydroponic system is protected from extreme weather conditions. 
  • 778
  • 24 Jan 2022
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