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Topic Review
Circadian Rhythms
Infertility represents a growing health problem in industrialized countries. Thus, a greater understanding of the molecular networks involved in this disease could be critical for the development of new therapies. A recent finding revealed that circadian rhythmicity disruption is one of the main causes of poor reproductive outcome. The circadian clock system beats circadian rhythms and modulates several physiological functions such as the sleep-wake cycle, body temperature, heart rate, and hormones secretion, all of which enable the body to function in response to a 24 h cycle. This intricated machinery is driven by specific genes, called “clock genes” that fine-tune body homeostasis. Stress of modern lifestyle can determine changes in hormone secretion, favoring the onset of infertility-related conditions that might reflect disfunctions within the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis. Consequently, the loss of rhythmicity in the suprachiasmatic nuclei might affect pulsatile sexual hormones release. Herein, we provide an overview of the recent findings, in both animal models and humans, about how fertility is influenced by circadian rhythm. In addition, we explore the complex interaction among hormones, fertility and the circadian clock. A deeper analysis of these interactions might lead to novel insights that could ameliorate the therapeutic management of infertility and related disorders.
  • 2.1K
  • 02 Feb 2021
Topic Review
NKT Cells
Natural killer T (NKT) cells, a small population of T cells, are capable of influencing a wide range of the immune cells, including T cells, B cells, dendritic cells and macrophages. NKT cells can influence the status of the innate and adaptive immune systems because they secrete huge amounts of Th1 and Th2 cytokines. Earlier, the NKT cells were characterized by the NK and T cell properties as they express the natural killer (NK) cell lineage markers and αβ T-cell receptor (TCR). NKT cells are more appropriately defined as “CD1d-restricted and TCR-αβ positive T cells”. In mice, the NKT cells constitute about 0.2–2.0% of lymphocytes in the blood, spleen, bone marrow and thymus, and about 15–35% of total lymphocytes in the liver. On the other hand, the levels of NKT cells are lower in humans, comprising about 0.04–1.3% of circulating lymphocytes in the blood, spleen and bone marrow. They make up about 0.001–0.01% of lymphocytes in the thymus and about 1% in the liver. The greater part of the NKT cells, called canonical or invariant NKT cells (iNKT cells) or type I NKT cells have a specific TCR α-chain rearrangement (Vα14-Jα18 in mice; Vα24-Jα18 in humans), associated with limited diverse Vβ chains. Type II NKT cells, also called non-classical NKT cells, are more diverse in TCR α-chain (but some Vα3.2-Jα9, Vα8 in mice) and TCR-β chains (but some Vβ8.2 in mice).
  • 2.1K
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
The Moderating Role of e-WOM
Except for perceived fee, which has a negative effect on perceived value, the results demonstrate that all hypotheses of latent correlations in TAM and VAM were strongly significant. Furthermore, attitude and perceived value have a significant role in determining consumer adoption of e-learning. Consumers’ perceived value will be driven by the high and low levels of the moderating influence of e-word of mouth, influencing their intention toward e-learning. Since e-learning is an effective sustainable education system, the result of this study can provide a good solution to facilitate e-learning in current and future conditions.
  • 2.1K
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Concentrating Photovoltaic—Thermal Systems
Numerous numerical and experimental studies have been conducted regarding the Concentrated Photovoltaic Thermal (CPVT) system because of its significant potential for efficient conversion of solar energy. The overall efficiency of the CPVT system is strongly dependent on the device, which extracts excess heat from photovoltaic cells. The most efficient cooling technology involves active cooling, which means that heat is collected from the photovoltaic (PV) cell via the forced flow of heat transfer fluid.
  • 2.1K
  • 14 Sep 2022
Topic Review
ADM Formalism
The ADM formalism (named for its authors Richard Arnowitt, Stanley Deser and Charles W. Misner) is a Hamiltonian formulation of general relativity that plays an important role in canonical quantum gravity and numerical relativity. It was first published in 1959. The comprehensive review of the formalism that the authors published in 1962 has been reprinted in the journal General Relativity and Gravitation, while the original papers can be found in the archives of Physical Review.
  • 2.1K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Denial of Service Attacks in the Smart Grid
The smart grid is the current energy management and distribution trend: it merges cyber–physical systems (CPS) infrastructure with information and communication technologies (ICT) to ensure efficient power generation, smart energy distribution in real-time, and optimisation. It also allows for greater integration of alternative energy sources such as solar and wind power, which are heavily reliant on weather patterns. Smart grid applications include extraction of business value, smart charging of electric vehicles, smart distribution, generation and storage of energy, grid optimization, grid self-healing with fault protection technology, and many others. Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks, in particular, have become critical threats to the smart grid because they target the availability of the grid infrastructure and services: in the context of smart grids, this includes both “ensuring timely and reliable access to and use of information” and “ensuring access to enough power”.
  • 2.1K
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Thyroid Cancer
Thyroid cancer represents a heterogenous disease whose incidence has increased in the last decades. Although three main different subtypes have been described, molecular characterization is progressively being included in the diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm of these patients. In fact, thyroid cancer is a landmark in the oncological approach to solid tumors as it harbors key genetic alterations driving tumor progression that have been demonstrated to be potential actionable targets. Within this promising and rapid changing scenario, current efforts are directed to improve tumor characterization for an accurate guidance in the therapeutic management. In this sense, it is strongly recommended to perform tissue genotyping to patients that are going to be considered for systemic therapy in order to select the adequate treatment, according to recent clinical trials data.
  • 2.1K
  • 21 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Central Highlands, Vietnam
Tây Nguyên, translated as Western Highlands and sometimes also called Central Highlands, is one of the regions of Vietnam. It contains the provinces of Đắk Lắk, Đắk Nông, Gia Lai, Kon Tum, Lâm Đồng. This region is sometimes referred to as Cao nguyên Trung bộ (literally "Midland Highlands"), and was referred to during the Republic of Vietnam as Cao nguyên Trung phần (literally "Central Highlands").
  • 2.1K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Deep Eutectic Solvents in Pharmaceutical Industry
Neoteric solvents emerged as an alternative to organic solvents and are commonly called green solvents, since they have low toxicity, are biodegradable, are made with accessible and low-cost materials, and are quite easy to produce. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are defined as a mixture of two or more pure compounds, which, when combined in an appropriate ratio, give rise to a eutectic mixture that deviates from the ideal thermodynamic behaviour. This deviation is due to strong interactions between the initial components that act as hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) and hydrogen bond acceptors (HBAs). The HBDs and HBAs interact in the DESs to form a dense network of molecules that give them remarkably interesting physical and chemical properties. 
  • 2.1K
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Vasovagal Reactions during Interventional Pain Management Procedures
Vasovagal reactions—defined as a rapid drop in heart rate and/or blood pressure, usually in response to a stressful trigger—are a common complication of interventional pain management procedures. Three types of vasovagal responses have been described in the literature: a cardioinhibitory form (HR < 40 bpm), vasodepressor form (SBP < 80 mmHg or decrease by >30% without significant HR reduction), or mixed form (HR < 40 bpm and SBP < 80 mmHg or decrease by >30%). Typical symptoms of a vasovagal reaction are lightheadedness or dizziness, palpitations, weakness, blurred vision, nausea, feelings of warmth or coldness, and sweating. When a vasovagal reaction results in a loss of consciousness, it is termed vasovagal syncope. Although vasovagal reactions are usually benign in nature, they can lead to more serious complications for both patients and providers, such as aborted procedures, cardiac arrythmias, or fear of future procedures. It is thus useful for pain medicine clinicians to identify the risk factors, prevention, and management of vasovagal reactions in an outpatient setting.
  • 2.1K
  • 03 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Froth Treatment Tailings
Froth treatment tailings (FTT) are a specific type of tailings waste stream from the bitumen froth treatment process that contains bioavailable diluent: either naphtha or paraffins. Tailings ponds that receive FTT are associated with the highest levels of biogenic gas production, as diverse microbial communities biodegrade the residual diluent.
  • 2.1K
  • 29 Jun 2021
Topic Review
MRS in Hepatic Fat
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a powerful tool that allows direct quantification of metabolites in tissue or areas of interest. MRS has been applied in both research and clinical studies to assess liver fat noninvasively in vivo. MRS has also demonstrated excellent performance in liver fat assessment with high sensitivity and specificity compared to biopsy and other imaging modalities. Because of these qualities, MRS has been generally accepted as the reference standard for the noninvasive measurement of liver steatosis. MRS is an evolving technique with high potential as a diagnostic tool in the clinical setting. 
  • 2.1K
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
BH3-Only Proteins Noxa and Puma in Apoptosis Regulation
Apoptosis is an evolutionarily conserved and tightly regulated cell death pathway. Physiological cell death is important for maintaining homeostasis and optimal biological conditions by continuous elimination of undesired or superfluous cells. The BH3-only pro-apoptotic members are strong inducers of apoptosis. The pro-apoptotic BH3-only protein Noxa activates multiple death pathways by inhibiting the anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family protein, Mcl-1, and other protein members leading to Bax and Bak activation and mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP). On the other hand, Puma is induced by p53-dependent and p53-independent apoptotic stimuli in several cancer cell lines. Moreover, this protein is involved in several physiological and pathological processes, such as immunity, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. Future heat shock research could disclose the effect of hyperthermia on both Noxa and BH3-only proteins. This suggests post-transcriptional mechanisms controlling the translation of both Puma and Noxa mRNA in heat-shocked cells. 
  • 2.1K
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
360-Degree Video Bandwidth Reduction Techniques
The usage of 360-degree videos has prevailed in various sectors such as education, real estate, medical, entertainment and more. However, various challenges are faced to provide real-time streaming due to the nature of high-resolution 360-degree videos such as high bandwidth requirement, high computing power and low delay tolerance. To overcome these challenges, streaming methods such as dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP (DASH), tiling, viewport-adaptive and machine learning (ML) are discussed.
  • 2.1K
  • 09 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Hallmarks of Aging
Aging is characterized by a progressive impairment of the physiological functions of tissues and organs. The causes of aging are complex and interconnected, but there is consensus that genomic instability, telomere erosion, epigenetic alteration, and defective proteostasis are primary hallmarks of the aging process. 
  • 2.1K
  • 17 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Postmodernity
Postmodernity, a complex and multidimensional concept within social theory, denotes a cultural, intellectual, and societal shift characterized by a departure from modernist ideals. It challenges the grand narratives and metanarratives of modernism, emphasizing fragmentation, ambiguity, and the rejection of absolute truths. Postmodernity encompasses diverse perspectives and rejects overarching certainties, embracing a more fluid and context-dependent understanding of reality.
  • 2.1K
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Ensiling Process of Horticultural By-Products
Commercial round bale silos is made by wastes from artichoke and broccoli crops and cannery whose industries represent an environmental problem. A viable option to this problem is ensiling them for use as ruminants feed. Twenty-one commercial round bale silos (300 kg and 0.64 m3) of each by-product were made. Samples were analysed at days 0, 7, 15, 30, 60, and 200 to determine microbial populations, fermentation metabolites, nutritional components, and phytosanitary residues. Feedstuffs showed good suitability for ensiling, and stabilisation was achieved on day 30. The variables with the greatest significant differences among sampling times were microbial populations and fermentative components. There were no important dry matter losses, and some significant differences were observed in the nutritional composition, especially in crude protein and fibrous fractions, but they were not relevant for the loss of nutritional quality of silages. The phytosanitary residues determined on day 200 were below the maximum residue limits set by European legislation. So, ensiling these by-products in commercial round bale silos is a suitable and profitable technique that allows their preservation for a long time (200 days).
  • 2.0K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Insect Sex Pheromone
Insect pheromones are specific natural compounds that meet modern pest control requirements, i.e., species-specificity, lack of toxicity to mammals, environmentally benign, and a component for the Integrated Pest Management of agricultural pests. Mass trapping and mating disruption strategies using sex pheromones have significantly reduced the use of conventional insecticides, thereby providing sustainable and ecofriendly pest management in agricultural crops. 
  • 2.0K
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Digital Twin Smart Cities for Disaster Risk Management
It is widely accepted that digital and intelligence technologies can help solve key aspects of disaster risk management such as disaster prevention and mitigation, and rescue and recovery. Digital Twin (DT) is one of the most promising technologies for multi-stage management which offers significant potential to advance disaster resilience. Smart Cities (SCs) use pervasive information and communications technology to monitor activities in the city. With increasingly large applications of DTs combined with big data generated from sensors in a SC, it is possible to create Digital Twin Smart Cities (DTSCs).
  • 2.0K
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
IoT Communication in Mining Environments
While a robust and reliable communication network for monitoring the mining environment in a timely manner to take care of people, the planet Earth and profits is key, the mining environment is very challenging in terms of achieving reliable wireless transmission.
  • 2.0K
  • 17 Feb 2024
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