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Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Physician Burnout: Historical Context, Psychosomatic Division, Evolution, Results, Solutions, and Recommendations
Physician burnout is a psychosomatic syndrome that arises from feeling overwhelmed with confronting issues in those with dedication or commitment to their job. It presents with emotional, mental, and physical fatigue that negatively influences patient treatment decisions and care, representing a primary occupational hazard affecting a significant number of these healthcare providers at some point in their career such that there is an urgency to the need for improvement.
  • 1.7K
  • 06 Jun 2025
Topic Review
Advancement of the Multi-Action Plan Model
The Multi-Action Plan (MAP) model presents as an action-focused, sport-specific, mixed methods intervention model. MAP research characterized four Performance Types (PTs). Each PT operates on an affective, cognitive, behavioral, and psychophysiological level—across performance contexts. The authors propose three areas on how MAP could be extended: First, researchers argue that a better understanding of the phasing/timing of transitions between mental states during performance would greatly expand the MAP framework on a conceptual and applied level. Second,  the authors offer ideas on the role of socio-environmental precursors acting as cues for such transition processes. Third, the authors propose to clarify the role of effort and reward perception post-transition, particularly in relation to micro and macro timeframes.
  • 1.7K
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Cyberbullying and Mental Health among University Students
Bullying is an aggressive behavior that is intentionally and repeatedly directed at individuals who have less power than the attacker does. Bullying may take many forms, including physical, verbal, and social bullying. In its physical form, bullying includes hitting, pushing, spitting, and other physical acts. Bullying in the oral form includes mocking, name-calling, and threatening. In its social form, it consists of spreading rumors (slander), exclusion from peer groups, and other forms. When dealing with perpetrators, these three forms of bullying most commonly occur face to face.
  • 1.7K
  • 16 Jun 2022
Topic Review
The Adversity Response Profile for Chinese University Students
Adversity response is fundamental to dealing with adversity. The final version of the ARP-CUS contains 24 items across five subscales for assessing students’ responses to adversity, including control, attribution, reach, endurance, and transcendence. Overall, ARP-CUS demonstrates satisfactory psychometric properties for quantifying the adversity quotient of Chinese university students.
  • 1.7K
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Aha! In perceptual Experience and Problem-Solving Cognition
The Gestalt psychologists’ theory of insight problem-solving was based on a direct parallelism between perceptual experience and higher-order forms of cognition (e.g., problem-solving). Similarly, albeit not exclusively, to the sudden recognition of bistable figures, these psychologists contended that problem-solving involves a restructuring of one’s initial representation of the problem’s elements, leading to a sudden leap of understanding phenomenologically indexed by the “Aha!” feeling. Over the last century, different scholars have discussed the validity of the Gestalt psychologists’ perspective, foremost using the behavioral measures available at the time. However, scientists have gained a deeper understanding of insight problem-solving due to the advancements in cognitive neuroscience.
  • 1.7K
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Creativity as an Intervention
Creativity is defined as the ability to produce novel and useful ideas. Being creative influences our achievements in various domains, from the invention of new technologies that facilitate our everyday life to the development of artistic output for our pleasure and entertainment. Given that creativity involves the ability to create original, useful, remote, and unusual associations between ideas, it may possibly trigger a broad style of thinking that is not stereotypical in its attitude toward outgroups. Thus, creative cognition may offer a new avenue for interventions aimed at diminishing group-related biases.
  • 1.6K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Symmetry Perception and Psychedelic Experience
Neuroscientific studies on symmetry perception have accumulated in the last 20 years. Functional MRI and EEG experiments have conclusively shown that regular visual arrangements, such as reflectional symmetry, Glass patterns, and the 17 wallpaper groups all activate the extrastriate visual cortex. This activation generates an event-related potential (ERP) called sustained posterior negativity (SPN).
  • 1.6K
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Migrants during the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown in France
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic led to governments in 157 countries introducing lockdowns or re-strictions to people’s movement and access to health and welfare support services as well as other rules including social distancing, use of masks, and quarantine. The French government introduced its first mandatory national lockdown on 17 March 2020 due to elevated cases and death rates of COVID-19 in the country. This public health measure required the general population to stay at home except those carrying out an essential job (referred to as a ‘key worker’ in the domains of transportation, education, food, and health), to buy necessary items, or to engage in physical activity. Evidence demonstrates that the pandemic disproportionately affected socially vulnerable populations, including migrants. The pandemic exposed and exacerbated health and social inequities among migrant and ethnic/racial groups. Less is known about the firsthand impact of the COVID-19 lockdowns, specifically on migrant populations in France.
  • 1.6K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Biography
Patrice Engle
Patrice Lee Engle (December 1, 1944–Sept 22, 2012) was a developmental psychologist known as a pioneer in the field of global early childhood development and for her international work advocating for children's education and healthcare.[1] She was Professor of Psychology and Child Development at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. Engle was senior advisor for early child
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Awe and Prosocial Behavior
Although awe has been shown to increase prosocial behavior, there is limited knowledge about the mechanisms underlying this relationship, and about this relationship during unique periods. Awe can significantly positively predict prosocial behavior and can also indirectly predict prosocial behavior through the presence of meaning in life. These associations are moderated by the perceived social support. Specifically, the positive relationship between awe and the presence of meaning in life was only significant for college students with low perceived social support and the positive relationship between the presence of meaning in life and prosocial behavior was stronger for college students with high perceived social support.
  • 1.6K
  • 27 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Big Five Personality Traits and Romantic Relationship Formation
This entry discusses whether personality traits from the Big Five model predict romantic relationship formation, especially in the context of professional matchmaking. Based on empirical evidence, it explores the limited role of traits like Extraversion or Agreeableness in actual partner selection and investigates why personality may be less predictive than expected in real-life settings.
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Apr 2025
Topic Review
Social Value Orientations
In social psychology, social value orientation (SVO) is a person's preference about how to allocate resources (e.g. money) between the self and another person. SVO corresponds to how much weight a person attaches to the welfare of others in relation to the own. Since people are assumed to vary in the weight they attach to other peoples' outcomes in relation to their own, SVO is an individual difference variable. The general concept underlying SVO has become widely studied in a variety of different scientific disciplines, such as economics, sociology, and biology under a multitude of different names (e.g. social preferences, other-regarding preferences, welfare tradeoff ratios, social motives, etc.).
  • 1.6K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Emotion Regulation and Sleep
Emotion regulation refers to the process by which an individual influences the nature of his or her emotions and how emotions are experienced and expressed. Sleep deprivation may even impede the effectiveness of adaptive emotion regulation, such as distraction and cognitive reappraisal, consequently impacting emotional well-being.
  • 1.6K
  • 05 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Parental Mentalizing during Middle Childhood
Middle childhood represents for the child and his family a period of important changes that occur on several levels. At the individual level, we witness the maturational evolution of a child’s cognitive and emotional processes parallel to pubertal growth. These processes also include significant development of the child’s mentalization and social cognition skills. Concurrently, at a social level, there is an expansion of the relevance that the extra-familiar context assumes for child development. Relationships with peers, primarily grounded within the school context, become a significant source of exploration and enhancement of social–emotional competencies. Although such important changes make this stage of child’s life of great interest, studies related to attachment theory that have addressed middle childhood are relatively lacking. Furthermore, although there has been an increase in research in recent years, several gaps related to the study of parental mentalizing, the father’s role, and the link between parenting variables and a child’s psychological and psychopathological outcomes still remain.
  • 1.6K
  • 30 May 2022
Topic Review
Relationship between Critical Thinking and the Halo Effect
During the process of recruiting suitable job candidates for a corporation, HR managers play a pivotal role. However, several factors influence HR managers when making these crucial hiring decisions. One such factor is the halo effect. However, the halo effect can be reduced through deliberate and systematic cognitive processing. 
  • 1.5K
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
NEETs and Refugees in Latin America
NEET refers to young people who are Not in Education, Employment or Training (also known as nini in Latin America). The usual age range for people identified as NEET is 15-24. The International Labor Organization that more than one in five aged people globally can be described as NEET. However, it is important to note that they represent a very diverse group. The socioeconomic factors behind NEET status vary by context and country. Individual risk factors include adverse family environments, low household income or educational levels, disability, living in remote areas, and immigration background. The total number of people who are NEET in Latin America has remained practically constant between the beginning and the end of 1992–2014: it went from 19.0 million in 1992 to 18.7 million in 2014. NEET status in Latin America is particularly associated with the region's sociopolitical issues, relating to labour migration and individuals seeking political refuge or fleeing political violence. As in other parts of the world, NEET status is associated with several psychological factors.
  • 1.5K
  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
Autism and Emotional Intelligence
Emotional intelligence is important within the workplace, as indicated by the multitude of positive workplace outcomes associated with heightened emotional intelligence. Research has demonstrated that many autistic individuals exhibit lower levels of trait emotional intelligence, potentially putting them at a disadvantage within the workplace. Examining emotional intelligence via its separate components, however, suggests autistic adults may not fare as poorly as trait-level research may indicate.
  • 1.5K
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Social Psychological Determinants of Prejudice towards Immigrants
Immigration processes and the possible marginalization of ethnic minorities in the receiving countries are essential issues in contemporary societies. Prejudice and discrimination can be critical obstacles to immigrants’ integration into the host country and can severely affect their well-being and mental health. This contribution aims to highlight the critical social–psychological processes underlying attitudes toward immigrants. First, it tackles the social psychological roots of social prejudice by focusing on the role of individual (ideological, motivational, and cultural) factors and categorization processes. Second, it examines how contextual factors such as intergroup perceptions and structural relations can lead to high levels of prejudice and discrimination towards immigrants. 
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Health, Hope, and Harmony
Myriad determinants of happiness were found that were placed into three broad categories labeled Health, Hope, and Harmony. The predominant happiness determinants were mental, emotional, and physical well-being, a purposeful holistic work–life balance, nurturing social relationships, caring for self and others, and being in harmony with one’s culture, traditions, community, religion, and environment.
  • 1.5K
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Psychological Contracts and Organizational Commitment
With the increasing complexity and dynamism of the modern work experience, the importance of the psychological contract has become increasingly clear. Organizations and researchers alike have recognized the implications of this contract for employee performance, satisfaction and well-being.
  • 1.5K
  • 24 Nov 2023
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