Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Molecular Imaging and Theragnostics of Differentiated Thyroid Cancers
According to the American Cancer Society, approximately 53,000 new cases of thyroid cancer were diagnosed and more than 2200 people died from the disease in 2020. New developments in molecular imaging are significantly improving thyroid cancer diagnostics and therapy. Continuous research in molecular imaging techniques additionally contributes to an understanding of a variety of diseases and enables more efficient care of thyroid cancer patients. Molecular imaging-based personalized therapy has been a fascinating concept for individualized therapeutic strategy, which is able to attain the highest efficacy and reduce adverse effects in certain patients. Theragnostics, which integrates diagnostic testing to detect molecular targets for particular therapeutic modalities, is one of the key technologies that contributes to the success of personalized medicine. 
  • 573
  • 15 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Gastrointestinal Imaging Findings in the Era of COVID-19
The potentially fatal COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with a largespectrum of clinical presentations. Beyond the classical pulmonary manifestations, gastrointestinal tract-related symptoms suchas nausea, diarrhea, abdominal distention and pain have been observed in patients, as a consequence of the binding of SARS-CoV-19 to Angiotensin-converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Taking into consideration the high possibility of GI tract involvement, it is crucial for radiologists to be aware of the variety of abdominal imaging findings in patients with COVID-19, as early recognition can aid the diagnosis in patients with nonspecific, atypical symptoms.
  • 572
  • 07 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Deep Learning Models for Radiography in Chest Disease
Chest X-ray radiography (CXR) is among the most frequently used medical imaging modalities. It has a preeminent value in the detection of multiple life-threatening diseases. Radiologists can visually inspect CXR images for the presence of diseases. Most thoracic diseases have very similar patterns, which makes diagnosis prone to human error and leads to misdiagnosis. Machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) provided techniques to make this task more efficient and faster. Numerous experiments in the diagnosis of various diseases proved the potential of these techniques.
  • 571
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Recurrent Prostate Cancer Diagnostics with 18F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT
Early diagnosis of recurrent prostate cancer is a cornerstone for further adequate therapy planning. Therefore, clinical practice and research still focuses on diagnostic tools that can detect prostate cancer in early recurrence when it is undetectable in conventional diagnostic imaging. 18F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT is a novel method to evaluate patients with biochemical recurrent PCa. 
  • 569
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Photon-Counting CT Technology
Photon-counting computed tomography (PCCT) is an emerging technology that can potentially transform clinical CT imaging. The improved diagnostic performance of PCCT over conventional CT in the diagnosis and characterization of cardiovascular diseases has been demonstrated in several phantom, animal, and even human studies. 
  • 569
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Innovations and Nano-Delivery of Actinium-225
The actinium-225 (225Ac) radioisotope exhibits highly attractive nuclear properties for application in radionuclide therapy. However, the 225Ac radionuclide presents multiple daughter nuclides in its decay chain, which can escape the targeted site, circulate in plasma, and cause toxicity in areas such as kidneys and renal tissues. Several ameliorative strategies have been devised to circumvent this issue, including nano-delivery. Alpha-emitting radionuclides and nanotechnology applications in nuclear medicine have culminated in major advancements that offer promising therapeutic possibilities for treating several cancers. Accordingly, the importance of nanomaterials in retaining the 225Ac daughters from recoiling into unintended organs has been established. Researchers described the advancements of targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) as an alternative anticancer treatment. It discusses the recent developments in the preclinical and clinical investigations on 225Ac as a prospective anticancer agent. Moreover, the rationale for using nanomaterials in improving the therapeutic efficacy of α-particles in targeted alpha therapy (TAT) with an emphasis on 225Ac is discussed. Quality control measures in the preparation of 225Ac-conjugates are also highlighted.
  • 565
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
PET-Based Imaging in Atherosclerosis
Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) represents a method of detecting and characterizing arterial wall inflammation, with potential applications in the early assessment of vascular disorders such as atherosclerosis. By portraying early-stage molecular changes, FDG-PET findings have previously been shown to correlate with atherosclerosis progression. In addition, recent studies have suggested that microcalcification revealed by 18F-sodium fluoride (NaF) may be more sensitive at detecting atherogenic changes compared to FDG-PET.
  • 560
  • 15 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Ultrasound in Imaging Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for a great majority of liver cancer diagnoses and deaths. Imaging plays, therefore, a crucial role in the surveillance of patients at risk, the detection and diagnosis of HCC nodules, as well as in the follow-up post-treatment. The unique imaging characteristics of HCC lesions, deriving mainly from the assessment of their vascularity on contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR) or contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), allow for a more accurate, noninvasive diagnosis and staging.
  • 559
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Emerging Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Diagnostics
COPD is a progressive lung disease described as accelerated lung aging. The aging, in addition to environmental exposures, increase inflammatory–oxidative stress and cellular senescence, resulting in irreversible lung disease progression from mild to severe emphysema.
  • 557
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Microvascular Invasion in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Microvascular invasion (MVI) is regarded as a sign of early metastasis in liver cancer and can be only diagnosed by a histopathology exam in the resected specimen. Preoperative prediction of MVI status may exert an effect on patient treatment management, for instance, to expand the resection margin.
  • 556
  • 16 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Radiofrequency Exposure Assessment and Dosimetry
Exposure assessment refers to evaluation of levels of radiofrequency (RF) energy incident on the body, and dosimetry refers to determining the absorption of RF energy within the body.
  • 545
  • 31 Mar 2022
Topic Review
PSMA-Targeted Radionuclide Therapy for Prostate Cancer
There is now an increasing trend for targeting cancers to go beyond early diagnosis and actually improve Progression-Free Survival and Overall Survival. Identifying patients who might benefit from a particular targeted treatment is the main focus for Precision Medicine. Radiolabeled ligands can be used as predictive biomarkers which can confirm target expression by cancers using positron emission tomography (PET). The same ligand can subsequently be labeled with a therapeutic radionuclide for targeted radionuclide therapy. This combined approach is termed “Theranostics”. The prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) has emerged as an attractive diagnostic and therapeutic target for small molecule ligands in prostate cancer. It can be labeled with either positron emitters for PET-based imaging or beta and alpha emitters for targeted radionuclide therapy. 
  • 543
  • 30 May 2022
Topic Review
Emerging Role of Combined Brain/Heart Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Heart failure (HF) patients frequently develop brain deficits that lead to cognitive dysfunction (CD), which may ultimately also affect survival. There is an important interaction between brain and heart that becomes crucial for survival in patients with HF. A combined magnetic resonance imaging of brain/heart can reveal early pathophysiologic changes.
  • 542
  • 04 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Penile Cancer
Primary penile cancer is an uncommon malignancy with an incidence ranging from up to 6.8 per 100,000 in Africa, Asia, and South America to less than 1 per 100,000 in North America and Europe. Accurate preoperative staging and precise outlining of a tumor’s extent are crucial for selecting the most suitable treatment approach and improving outcomes. The current clinical staging of penile cancer is still largely based on physical examination. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) is an important imaging modality that complements physical examination and reduces uncertainties that can easily arise during this examination.
  • 537
  • 21 Nov 2023
Topic Review
[18F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose PET Imaging in Infectious and Inflammatory Disorders
In 1976, when [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) was introduced as a radiotracer for positron emission tomography (PET), it revolutionized medical imaging, especially in the fields of neurology, oncology, and cardiology. Later, it also gained importance in diagnosing infectious and inflammatory disorders. [18F]FDG, as an analog of glucose, accumulates in a cell with high rates of glycolysis (such as in cancer cells and inflammatory cells) by entering the cell via glucose transporters and is then phosphorylated by hexokinase to deoxyglucose phosphate, which remains locked in this state. The high uptake of [18F]FDG by the metabolically active inflammatory cells has played a major role in the detection of inflammatory reactions in response to microorganisms such as bacteria. Hence, [18F]FDG is commonly used for detecting infectious and inflammatory disorders.
  • 536
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Lymphatic Phenotype of Noonan Syndrome
Noonan Syndrome (NS) is a multisystem disorder, caused by dysregulation of the Ras/MAPK signaling pathway. Pathogenic gene variants in the Ras/MAPK pathway can therefore lead to various lymphatic diseases such as lymphedema, chylothorax and protein losing enteropathy.
  • 529
  • 09 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Multimodal MRI in Autism Spectrum Disorders Early Diagnosis
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder in children. Early diagnosis and intervention can remodel the neural structure of the brain and improve quality of life but may be inaccurate if based solely on clinical symptoms and assessment scales. Functional MRI revealed disruption of functional networks, abnormal perfusion, and neurovascular decoupling associated with core ASD symptoms. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed abnormal changes in the neuronal metabolites during different periods. Decreased diffusion tensor imaging signals along the perivascular space index reflected impaired glymphatic system function in children with ASD. Differences in age, subtype, degree of brain damage, and remodeling in children with ASD led to heterogeneity in research results.
  • 521
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Tissue Section-Based Immune Profiling
Technologies based on tissue sections are amongst the most common tools used for both morphologic and molecular characterization of cancers. These tools provide several unique advantages, most notably the preservation of spatial information. Furthermore, many of these assays can be performed on archival tissue, allowing for the post hoc analysis of preserved paraffin embedded samples in tissue banks. 
  • 516
  • 03 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Italian Imaging Innovations
Many modern therapeutic approaches are based on precise diagnostic evidence, where imaging procedures play an essential role. To date, in the diagnostic field, a plethora of agents have been investigated to increase the selectivity and sensitivity of diagnosis. However, the most common drawbacks of conventional imaging agents reside in their non-specificity, short imaging time, instability, and toxicity. Moreover, routinely used diagnostic agents have low molecular weights and consequently a rapid clearance and renal excretion, and this represents a limitation if long-lasting imaging analyses are to be conducted. Thus, the development of new agents for in vivo diagnostics requires not only a deep knowledge of the physical principles of the imaging techniques and of the physiopathological aspects of the disease but also of the relative pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical requirements. In this scenario, skills in pharmaceutical technology have become highly indispensable in order to respond to these needs.
  • 513
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Copper-Based Radiopharmaceuticals for Radioimmunotherapy
Copper-64 (T1/2 = 12.7 h) is a positron and beta-emitting isotope, with decay characteristics suitable for both positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and radiotherapy of cancer. Copper-67 (T1/2 = 61.8 h) is a beta and gamma emitter, appropriate for radiotherapy β-energy and with a half-life suitable for single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging. The chemical identities of 64Cu and 67Cu isotopes allow for convenient use of the same chelating molecules for sequential PET imaging and radiotherapy. 
  • 507
  • 02 Jun 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 10
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
ScholarVision Creations
Feedback