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Topic Review
Cardiac Computed Tomography Radiomics
Radiomics, via the extraction of quantitative information from conventional radiologic images, can identify imperceptible imaging biomarkers that can advance the characterization of coronary plaques and the surrounding adipose tissue. Such an approach can unravel the underlying pathophysiology of atherosclerosis which has the potential to aid diagnostic, prognostic and, therapeutic decision making. Several studies have demonstrated that radiomic analysis can characterize coronary atherosclerotic plaques with a level of accuracy comparable, if not superior, to current conventional qualitative and quantitative image analysis. While there are many milestones still to be reached before radiomics can be integrated into current clinical practice, such techniques hold great promise for improving the imaging phenotyping of coronary artery disease.
  • 963
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Invasive Lobular Carcinoma: A Review of Imaging Modalities
Invasive lobular cancer (ILC) is the second most common type of breast cancer. It is characterized by a unique growth pattern making it difficult to detect on conventional breast imaging. ILC can be multicentric, multifocal, and bilateral, with a high likelihood of incomplete excision after breast-conserving surgery. This is a review of conventional imaging modalities for detecting and determining the extent of ILC. Review of the literature finds that MRI and CEM surpass conventional breast imaging in terms of sensitivity, specificity, ipsilateral and contralateral cancer detection, concordance, and estimation of tumor size for ILC. Both MRI and CEM have also each been shown to enhance surgical outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed ILC that had one of these imaging modalities added to their preoperative workup.
  • 963
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Ultrasound in Imaging Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for a great majority of liver cancer diagnoses and deaths. Imaging plays, therefore, a crucial role in the surveillance of patients at risk, the detection and diagnosis of HCC nodules, as well as in the follow-up post-treatment. The unique imaging characteristics of HCC lesions, deriving mainly from the assessment of their vascularity on contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR) or contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), allow for a more accurate, noninvasive diagnosis and staging.
  • 952
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Dual-Energy Heart CT
Dual-energy CT (DECT) scanners acquire two sets of data with different energy levels for each voxel and create two sets of images independently for each energy, similarly to single-energy CT (SECT).
  • 948
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Stereogram of the Living Heart
The concept of binocular stereopsis is that retinal images of the left and right eyes differ because of pupil distance. These two two-dimensional scenes are reproduced as a single image in the visual cortex of the occipital lobe of the brain, recovering the three-dimensional world with depth. A set of these two-dimensional images is referred to as a “stereogram,” which has multiple types.
  • 946
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Angiography and Embolization Technique for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Image-guided locoregional therapies play a crucial role in the management of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Transarterial therapies consist of a group of catheter-based treatments where embolic agents are delivered directly into the tumor via their supplying arteries. Some of the transarterial therapies available include bland embolization (TAE), transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), drug-eluting beads–transarterial chemoembolization (DEB–TACE), selective internal radioembolization therapy (SIRT), and hepatic artery infusion (HAI).
  • 937
  • 08 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Gastrointestinal Imaging Findings in the Era of COVID-19
The potentially fatal COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with a largespectrum of clinical presentations. Beyond the classical pulmonary manifestations, gastrointestinal tract-related symptoms suchas nausea, diarrhea, abdominal distention and pain have been observed in patients, as a consequence of the binding of SARS-CoV-19 to Angiotensin-converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Taking into consideration the high possibility of GI tract involvement, it is crucial for radiologists to be aware of the variety of abdominal imaging findings in patients with COVID-19, as early recognition can aid the diagnosis in patients with nonspecific, atypical symptoms.
  • 931
  • 07 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Imaging of Inflammatory Disease
Inflammatory diseases include a wide variety of highly prevalent conditions with high mortality rates in severe cases ranging from cardiovascular disease, to rheumatoid arthritis, to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, to graft vs. host disease, to a number of gastrointestinal disorders. Many diseases that are not considered inflammatory per se are associated with varying levels of inflammation. Imaging of the immune system and inflammatory response is of interest as it can give insight into disease progression and severity. Clinical imaging technologies such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are traditionally limited to the visualization of anatomical information; then, the presence or absence of an inflammatory state must be inferred from the structural abnormalities.
  • 930
  • 06 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in Interstitial Lung Disease Diagnosis
Diffuse lung disorders (DLDs) and interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are pathological conditions affecting the lung parenchyma and interstitial network. There are approximately 200 different entities within this category. Radiologists play an increasingly important role in diagnosing and monitoring ILDs, as they can provide non-invasive, rapid, and repeatable assessments using high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT). HRCT offers a detailed view of the lung parenchyma, resembling a low-magnification anatomical preparation from a histological perspective. The intrinsic contrast provided by air in HRCT enables the identification of even the subtlest morphological changes in the lung tissue. By interpreting the findings observed on HRCT, radiologists can make a differential diagnosis and provide a pattern diagnosis in collaboration with the clinical and functional data. The use of quantitative software and artificial intelligence (AI) further enhances the analysis of ILDs, providing an objective and comprehensive evaluation.
  • 928
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Nanoparticles-Based Radiotherapy in Cancer Treatment
Radiotherapy (RT) is used worldwide as a gold standard treatment approach for cancer management. The RT treatment modality contains limitations along with numerous side effects. Nanoparticles (NPs) have unique properties that can be utilized in the field of cancer treatment. Therefore, the combination of NPs with RT opens a new arena in cancer treatment. Their synergistic effect strengthens ionizing radiation sensitivity and allows for tumor-selective treatment while reducing side effects.
  • 923
  • 10 Apr 2023
Topic Review
MR Neuroimaging in Pediatric Inborn Errors of Metabolism
Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are a group of disorders due to functional defects in one or more metabolic pathways that can cause considerable morbidity and death if not diagnosed early.  Prompt diagnosis is important to guide therapeutic measures and reduce or prevent morbidity and death.  Neuroimaging plays an important role in diagnosis and treatment monitoring. Many IEMs present in the neonatal or early infantile period. Newborn metabolic screens do not capture all IEMs, both false negatives and false positive results can occur, and genetic testing may not always detect pathogenic mutations. Imaging is sometimes performed before the newborn screen results are available, and when positive and correctly interpreted, provides a chance for early intervention.  
  • 916
  • 20 May 2022
Topic Review
Radiofrequency Exposure Assessment and Dosimetry
Exposure assessment refers to evaluation of levels of radiofrequency (RF) energy incident on the body, and dosimetry refers to determining the absorption of RF energy within the body.
  • 899
  • 31 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Clinical Implications of Photon-Counting Computed Tomography Technology
The photon-counting detector (PCD) is a new computed tomography detector technology (photon-counting computed tomography, PCCT) that provides substantial benefits for cardiac and coronary artery imaging. Compared with conventional CT, PCCT has multi-energy capability, increased spatial resolution and soft tissue contrast with near-null electronic noise, reduced radiation exposure, and optimization of the use of contrast agents. This new technology promises to overcome several limitations of traditional cardiac and coronary CT angiography (CCT/CCTA) including reduction in blooming artifacts in heavy calcified coronary plaques or beam-hardening artifacts in patients with coronary stents, and a more precise assessment of the degree of stenosis and plaque characteristic thanks to its better spatial resolution. 
  • 896
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Modalities for Breast Cancer Diagnosis
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women and the leading cause of death. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) are advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures that are widely used in the diagnostic and treatment evaluation of breast cancer. Because of the propensity of malignancies to limit diffusion, DWI can improve MRI diagnostic specificity. Diffusion tensor imaging gives additional information about diffusion directionality and anisotropy over traditional DWI. Recent findings showed that DWI and DTI and their characteristics may facilitate earlier and more accurate diagnosis, followed by better treatment. Overall, with the development of instruments and novel MRI modalities, it may be possible to diagnose breast cancer more effectively in the early stages.
  • 889
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Imaging of Mediastinal Masses
Mediastinal masses present a diagnostic challenge due to their diverse etiologies. Accurate localization and internal characteristics of the mass are the two most important factors to narrow the differential diagnosis or provide a specific diagnosis. The International Thymic Malignancy Interest Group (ITMIG) classification is the standard classification system used to localize mediastinal masses. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the two most commonly used imaging modalities for characterization of the mediastinal masses.
  • 888
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Cholecystokinin-2 Receptor
The cholecystokinin-2 receptor (CCK2R) is a promising target for theranostic use in nuclear medicine, and has been in the focus of the radiopharmaceutical development over the last twenty years. The expression of this receptor at high incidence and density has been proven mainly for medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Furthermore, CCK2R expression has been confirmed for gastrointestinal stromal tumors, astrocytomas and stromal ovarian cancers. In addition, CCK2R targeting might be of additive value for gastroenteropancreatic and bronchopulmonary neuroendocrine tumors, especially insulinomas, vipomas, as well as bronchial and ileal carcinoids. Most of the clinical experience with CCK2R targeting radiopharmaceuticals has been gained for patients with advanced MTC. Therefore, the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of CCK2R targeting is documented mainly for this patient group.
  • 881
  • 30 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Laparoscopy in Low-Income Countries
Laparoscopy is an expensive procedure to adopt as it requires new equipment and specialized trained health workers. However, it could reduce post-operative costs and complications, especially in terms of infections. It is crucial to increase its accessibility, acceptability, and quality particularly in LMICs, especially during this COVID-19 era when the reduction of patient hospitalization is essential.
  • 873
  • 08 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Myocardial Perfusion Study with CZT Gamma Cameras
Myocardial perfusion study has a well-established position in the non-invasive diagnosis of coronary artery disease. According to the guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), in patients with an uncertain diagnosis of this disease, myocardial perfusion study is one of the recommended diagnostic methods. Moreover, this study has a prognostic value and helps in choosing the optimal therapeutic method. CZT (cadmium-zinc-telluride) gamma cameras form a new generation of imaging devices in nuclear medicine.They outperform standard Anger (A)  cameras in basic  imaging parameters, like sensitivity in detection of gamma rays and spacial resolution.
  • 873
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Emerging Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Diagnostics
COPD is a progressive lung disease described as accelerated lung aging. The aging, in addition to environmental exposures, increase inflammatory–oxidative stress and cellular senescence, resulting in irreversible lung disease progression from mild to severe emphysema.
  • 864
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Treatment of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) accounts for the majority of pancreatic cancers and is associated with poor prognosis, a high mortality rate, and a substantial number of healthy life years lost. Surgical resection is the primary treatment option for patients with resectable disease; however, only 10–20% of all patients with PDAC are eligible for resection at the time of diagnosis.
  • 863
  • 02 Dec 2023
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