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Topic Review
Metal-Oxide Heterojunction
As technologies like the Internet, artificial intelligence, and big data evolve at a rapid pace, computer architecture is transitioning from compute-intensive to memory-intensive. The emulation of the behaviors of a synapse at the device level by ionic/electronic devices has shown promising potential in future neural-inspired and compact artificial intelligence systems.
  • 792
  • 28 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Vibration Monitoring for Hay Rotary Tedder
Vibration monitoring provides a good-quality source of information about the health condition of machines, and it is often based on the use of accelerometers. Mechanical vibration transducers are used to receive a mechanical signal from a vibrating object and convert it into an electrical signal. This signal is properly processed. A measurement system includes a vibration transducer, for instance, a piezoelectric transducer, and an appropriate amplifier. Mechanical vibration measurement systems measure the vibrations produced by machines as well as the vibrations of buildings or bridges. 
  • 790
  • 21 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Potential for Integrating Renewables into Vietnam's Isolated Grids
The reliability and vulnerability of isolated networks should be further attention, especially modern networks with high renewable energy integration.
  • 788
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Power System Stabilizers
A power system (PS) is a complex system consisting of devices for the generation, transmission, distribution, processing, and consumption of electric energy. The expansion of a PS causes a number of new stability problems that scientists try to solve in various ways, including the use of appropriate devices and control systems, the most popular of which are power system stabilizers (PSSs). It should be emphasized that the use of classic power system stabilizers in the modern digital voltage regulators of synchronous generators does not require large financial outlays (a PSS is implemented as an additional fragment of the voltage regulator program code) compared to other solutions improving PS stability (e.g., FACTS systems).
  • 787
  • 03 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Demand Response in Wastewater Treatment Plant
The transition from traditional fuel-dependent energy systems to renewable energy-based systems has been extensively embraced worldwide. Demand-side flexibility is essential to support the power grid with carbon-free generation (e.g., solar, wind.) in an intermittent nature. As extensive energy consumers, commercial and industrial (C&I) consumers can play a key role by extending their flexibility and participating in demand response. Onsite renewable generation by consumers can reduce the consumption from the grid, while energy storage systems (ESSs) can support variable generation and shift demand by storing energy for later use. Both technologies can increase the flexibility and benefit by integrating with the demand response. 
  • 787
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Combimac
COMBIMAC is a manufacturer of special electric motors and centrifugal fans located in the town Emmen, the Netherlands.
  • 784
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Spin Orbit Torque-Assisted Magnetic Tunnel Junction-Based Hardware Trojan
With the advancement of beyond-CMOS devices to keep Moore’s law alive, several emerging devices have found application in a wide range of applications. Spintronic devices offer low power, non-volatility, inherent spatial and temporal randomness, simplicity of integration with a silicon substrate, etc. This makes them a potential candidate for next-generation hardware options. The giant spin Hall effect (GSHE)-driven spin-orbit torque (SOT) magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) as a potential candidate for creating an externally triggered hardware Trojan and insertion into logic-locked hardware security considering the effect of process and temperature variations is explored.
  • 784
  • 09 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Existing Mobile Broadband Performance Measurements
Globally, mobile broadband (MBB) penetration has increased due to the widespread use of smart devices, better mobile network coverage, and the ongoing quest for faster wireless and mobile communication technology. This has led to a tremendous rise in the number of internet subscribers, which is positively impacting the social and economic well-being of society at large. Terrestrial mobile network operators (MNOs) are responsible for providing MBB services to end users, but some of them do not offer the advertised speeds or theoretical speeds specified by 3GPP specifications. Therefore, periodic impartial and unbiased performance measurement studies of the quality of service (QoS) provided by the MNOs as perceived by the end users are required to help MNOs enhance the capabilities of their MBB networks and provide services at an acceptable quality.
  • 780
  • 07 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Demand-Side Resources in Active Distribution Systems
Power systems have been going through a barrage of transformations due to the recent developments in the field, such as deregulation and restructuring of the electric power supply chain, the proliferation of distributed generation (DG), and advancements in information and communications technologies. These have significantly impacted the approach to the planning, design, and operation of active distribution networks or systems. Due to this constant change, the system has become more complex to plan, maintain, and control. In this research, the benefits and challenges of active distribution systems relative to traditional passive and active distribution systems are evaluated and investigated while the management and operational characteristics of demand-side resources in active distribution systems (ADS) are studied. In a typical ADS, there exist several vulnerabilities and threats that eventually pose a challenge in the control and automation of substations. These vulnerabilities and threats are reviewed, and potential mitigation measures are suggested. Also in this research, the communication technologies and their implementation in terms of control and automation capabilities in active distribution networks are also studied. From this research, it is concluded that communication technologies play an integral role in the realization of more active distribution networks and that the Internet of Energy (IoE) is a major player in ADS in the reduction of faults due to human error, fast responses, and improving the stability of power supply. Cyber threats are also and will still be a continuous challenge in smart metering technologies and in substation automation systems (SAS), which will require frequent evaluation and mitigation measures so as not to prevent the power supply system from collapsing.
  • 780
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Nonvolatile Memory-Based Spiking Neural Network Architectures
A sustainable computing scenario demands more energy-efficient processors. Neuromorphic systems mimic biological functions by employing spiking neural networks for achieving brain-like efficiency, speed, adaptability, and intelligence. Current trends in neuromorphic technologies address the challenges of investigating novel materials, systems, and architectures for enabling high-integration and extreme low-power brain-inspired computing. 
  • 778
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Testbed for IoT Smart Applications
Wireless sensor network (WSN) environment monitoring and smart city applications present challenges for maintaining network connectivity when, for example, dynamic events occur. Such applications can benefit from recent technologies such as software-defined networks (SDNs) and network virtualization to support network flexibility and offer validation for a physical network.
  • 778
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Messaging Queuing Telemetry Transport Characteristics
The Messaging Queuing and Telemetry Protocol (MQTT) is a subscription and publishing service-based communication with a centralized server. MQTT is used in manufacturing industries due to its open-source moldable nature, petroleum and natural gas, health, weather, home automation, smart farming, smart metering, remote, etc. In this research, a QoS-0 based MQTT is developed in such a manner that the transparent MQTT protocol uses Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) based connectivity with various rules for retransmission of contents if the requests are not entertained for a fixed duration. The research explores ways to improve the overall content delivery probability. The parameters are examined over transparent gateway-based TCP network after developing mathematical model for the proposed retransmission based mutant QoS-0. 
  • 776
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Power Electronics Control Algorithm Verification
Power electronics is an interdisciplinary field related to three basic technical areas: (1) electrical engineering, (2) computer engineering, and (3) control engineering. The importance of power electronics has grown over the years, and now it can be found in every area of life: household appliances, a wide variety of industries, power engineering, energy, telecommunications, medicine, transport, etc. The entry presents the existing verification methods for control algorithms in power electronics systems, including the application of model checking techniques. 
  • 768
  • 04 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Neural Networks for Predicting Industrial Paper Press Condition
Forecasting has extreme importance in industry due to the numerous competitive advantages that it provides, allowing to foresee what might happen and adjust management decisions accordingly. Industries increasingly use sensors, which allow for large-scale data collection. Big datasets enable training, testing and application of complex predictive algorithms based on machine learning models.
  • 766
  • 26 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Sustainable Power Grid Expansion
Electric demand is steadily increasing, hence requiring continuous investments in modernizing, and expanding power grids worldwide. Traditionally, power system planning projects have considered minimizing the costs of capacity expansion and minimizing the amount of energy not served as the main objectives. With climate change policies enforcing the decommissioning of fossil-fuel-based generation, new clean and renewable generation technologies are being considered for power system capacity expansion projects. However, every generation and transmission technology can potentially have negative impacts on the environment. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a tool that allows us to evaluate the impacts of these technologies on the environment and society over its entire lifetime.
  • 766
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Offshore Renewable Energy
Marine energy resources could be crucial in meeting the increased demand for clean electricity. To enable the use of marine energy resources, developing efficient and durable offshore electrical systems is vital. A DC collection grid can be especially suitable for offshore marine energy resources, since the transmission losses are expected to be lower, and the electrical components could possibly be made smaller. Therefore, five DC collection grid topologies are proposed and qualitatively evaluated for marine energy resources using submerged and non-submerged marine energy converters.
  • 764
  • 18 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Electricity Energy Storage
The mass deployment of energy storage and distributed energy resources has become a major goal across several states in the United States. However, the viability and reality of such a goal in New York City has been put in question as possible financial burdens and execution risks are still unclear, while policies and regulations are still not fully settled. This entry provides a foundational overview of the Lazard LCOS study with emphasis on forward states which have successfully implemented mass deployment of energy storage technologies. “Adders” are related to the practicality in deploying these systems in a highly regulated and densely populated urban area such as New York City. It also discusses details on the typical financial structure/incentives that support the policies and regulations that allow for achieving these clean energy goals. 
  • 763
  • 08 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Potential Role of ChatGPT in Scientific Works
ChatGPT is a variation of the large language model (LLM) named GPT-3 from OpenAI, trained on a given dataset. ChatGPT, which is based on GPT-3 using a specific algorithm for learning, could be used for brainstorming in a conversational way, its possibilities can bring a revolution to working environments in various professions.
  • 762
  • 28 Jul 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Maxwell’s Early Unitary View of Electricity and Fluid Mechanics
In young Maxwell’s eyes, electricity, magnetism and fluid mechanics present analogies that let the first be mathematically grasped in a unitary way similarly to the latter. This entry sketches the first steps of James Clerk Maxwell’s unitary view of electromagnetism and fluid mechanics, with long-lasting effects on understanding the physical world. In his very first paper on the subject, Maxwell interpreted Faraday’s concept of lines of force of both electricity and magnetism as filaments of a flowing fluid. That is, Maxwell suggested to unify the previously distinct fields of electricity and magnetism, considering them as different aspects of the same entity, the ‘electromagnetic field’, which is mathematically described by four partial differential equations. In the literature there are several comprehensive works on Maxwell’s mature exposition of his theory; however, the aim of this entry contribution is rather more limited. Indeed, it is restricted to examining the contributions of Maxwell’s first paper towards developing the idea of electric current as the motion of an incompressible fluid. Thus, this entry highlights the strong connections of Maxwell’s epistemological view with the ‘mechanistic’ approach of the time to every aspect of physical phenomenology. For this purpose, this entry mentions some historical context surrounding the emergence of Maxwell’s innovative concepts.
  • 758
  • 25 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Low-Dimensional Layered Light-Sensitive Memristive Structures for Machine Vision
Layered two-dimensional (2D) and quasi-zero-dimensional (0D) materials effectively absorb radiation in the wide ultraviolet, visible, infrared, and terahertz ranges. Photomemristive structures made of such low-dimensional materials are of great interest for creating optoelectronic platforms for energy-efficient storage and processing of data and optical signals in real time.
  • 757
  • 15 Mar 2022
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