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Topic Review
Heart Transplantation
Heart transplantation (HTx) remains the last therapeutic resort for patients with advanced heart failure. Several factors have been associated with the outcome of HTx, such as ABO and HLA compatibility, graft size, ischemic time, age, infections, and the cause of death, as well as imaging and laboratory tests. 
  • 424
  • 07 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Predicting the Outcome of Heart Failure against Ischemia
The article titled "Predicting the outcome of heart failure against chronic-ischemic heart disease in elderly population – Machine learning approach based on logistic regression, case to Villa Scassi hospital Genoa, Italy" discusses a study that uses machine learning, specifically logistic regression, to predict the outcomes of heart failure in elderly patients suffering from chronic ischemic heart disease. The research focuses on data collected from Villa Scassi Hospital in Genoa, Italy. The goal of the study is to improve prediction models for patient prognosis, thereby helping healthcare providers make more informed decisions about treatment and management for this vulnerable population. The use of logistic regression in this context aims to provide a reliable tool for assessing patient risk and outcomes, ultimately leading to better-targeted interventions for elderly patients with these heart conditions.
  • 422
  • 13 Feb 2025
Topic Review
Adverse Cardiovascular Effects of Radiation Therapy
Radiation therapy is a key part of treatment for many cancers. Vast advancements in the field of radiation oncology have led to a decrease in malignancy-related mortality, which has uncovered some of the long-term side effects of radiation therapy. Specifically, there has been an increase in research looking into the cardiovascular side effects of chest radiation therapy for cancers of the esophagus, breast, and lung tissue as well as lymphomas.
  • 418
  • 09 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Biomarkers in Cardio-Oncology
Serum biomarkers represent a reproducible, sensitive, minimally invasive and inexpensive method to explore possible adverse cardiovascular effects of antineoplastic treatments. They are useful tools in risk stratification, the early detection of cardiotoxicity and the follow-up and prognostic assessment of cancer patients.
  • 399
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Laboratory Considerations for High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin
High-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) assays have revolutionized the assessment of myocardial stress and injury due to their superior sensitivity and accuracy in detecting even minor cardiac damage. However, hs-cTn is often included in the initial blood draw for baseline assessment in such patients and has prognostic value in predicting in-hospital and long-term mortality.
  • 388
  • 02 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Conduction Abnormalities Post Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is an established alternative to surgery in patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis and has expanded its indications to even low-surgical-risk patients. Conduction abnormalities (CA) and permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantations remain a relatively common finding post TAVI due to the close proximity of the conduction system to the aortic root. New onset left bundle branch block (LBBB) and high-grade atrioventricular block are the most commonly reported CA post TAVI. The overall rate of PPM implantation post TAVI varies and is related to pre- and intra-procedural factors. Therefore, when screening patients for TAVI, Heart Teams should take under consideration the various anatomical, pathophysiological and procedural conditions that predispose to CA and PPM requirement after the procedure. This is particularly important as TAVI is being offered to younger patients with longer life-expectancy. 
  • 386
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Transcriptomic Analysis in Heart Failure
Heart failure constitutes a clinical complex syndrome with different symptomatic characteristics depending on age, sex, race and ethnicity, among others, which has become a major public health issue with an increasing prevalence. One of the most interesting tools seeking to improve prevention, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of this pathology has focused on finding new molecular biomarkers since heart failure relies on deficient cardiac homeostasis, which is regulated by a strict gene expression. Therefore, currently, analyses of non-coding RNA transcriptomics have been oriented towards human samples. 
  • 383
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance-Based Techniques
Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging has an important emerging role in the evaluation and management of patients with cardiomyopathies, especially in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). It allows a non-invasive characterization of myocardial tissue, thus assisting early diagnosis and precise phenotyping of the different cardiomyopathies, which is an essential step for early and individualized treatment of patients.
  • 370
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Optimizing Lifestyle Behaviors in Preventing Multiple Long-Term Conditions
Multiple long-term conditions such as the simultaneous prevalence of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease are becoming increasingly prevalent globally with major consequences of morbidity, mortality and health economy. Lifestyle preventative approaches, especially combining nutrition and physical activity behavioral components, are essential in preventing multiple long-term conditions. However, funded research programs often focus on a single disease or a condition rather than a cluster of conditions. This entry addresses how lifestyle components, especially exercise and nutrition, could target multiple risk reductions associated with preventing multiple long-term conditions, especially diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Innovative exercise prescription should include different intensity-based approaches, which may include intense forms of exercise, but one size does not fit all. Nutritional intake guidelines can also be individualized to target multiple long-term conditions, which all contribute to informing better public health preventative policies.
  • 12
  • 29 Apr 2026
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Inspiratory Muscle Training in Heart Failure as a Promising Tool in the Heart Failure Toolkit: From Physiology to Practice
Heart failure (HF) is a heterogeneous clinical syndrome with increasing prevalence among adults worldwide. It is characterized by complex central and peripheral alterations that contribute to exercise intolerance, fatigue, dyspnea, and reduced quality of life. Inspiratory muscle weakness (IMW) plays a key role in this vicious cycle by exacerbating symptoms and further limiting functional capacity. Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) has emerged as a potential adjuvant in comprehensive HF management and is a physiologically grounded and promising tool in the contemporary HF therapeutic toolkit. Its integration into multimodal rehabilitation programs may mitigate the cycle of dyspnea and deconditioning in patients with HF. On this basis, we provide an overview of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying IMW and present the practical characteristics of IMT programs, synthesizing current evidence regarding its clinical efficacy and implementation challenges.
  • 10
  • 19 May 2026
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
A Systematic Review of Generative AI in Cardiac Surgery and Surgical Education: A Laurillard-Based Learning-Activity Map
Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) in cardiac surgery refers to the integration of advanced computational models, such as Large Language Models (LLMs), to automate and enhance clinical decision-making, preoperative risk assessment, and surgical education. In the context of surgical training, it functions as a personalized pedagogical tool that supports various learning activities, ranging from information acquisition and clinical inquiry to procedural practice, while requiring rigorous human oversight to ensure patient safety and clinical accuracy. (1) Background: Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) is increasingly integrated into health professions education, offering new opportunities for learning; however, its specific application and pedagogical mapping in high-stakes fields such as cardiac surgery remain underexplored. This systematic review investigates how GenAI is utilized in cardiac surgery and surgical education, aligning these uses with Laurillard’s six learning types. (2) Methods: Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we searched the Web of Science Core Collection for studies on GenAI in cardiac surgery, resulting in 42 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Study quality was appraised using the Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument (MERSQI). (3) Results: GenAI applications most frequently supported clinical inquiry (93.8%) and practice (68.8%), demonstrating expanding efficiency across commercial and open-source models (including ChatGPT-4o, Gemini AI, and emerging reasoning architectures such as DeepSeek) for knowledge acquisition and medical production. While it significantly improves individualized learning and preoperative assessment workflows, its practical role in Discussion and Collaboration remains heavily underutilized, highlighting a distinct shift toward individualized solo professional workflows. (4) Conclusions: GenAI provides a transformative and scalable approach to cardiac surgical training by offering personalized and accessible knowledge retrieval. However, clinical educators and governance bodies must deliberately balance these immediate productivity benefits with long-term concerns regarding structural “hallucinations,” data verifiability, and the preservation of collaborative competencies within modern multidisciplinary Heart Teams.
  • 9
  • 22 Jun 2026
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