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Topic Review
Named Data Networking: Nuts and Bolts
Named Data Networking (NDN) is an implementation of Information-Centric Networking (ICN) that has emerged as a promising candidate for the Future Internet Architecture (FIA). In contrast to traditional networking protocols, NDN’s focus is on content, rather than the source of the content.
  • 372
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Drvspace
DriveSpace (initially known as DoubleSpace) is a disk compression utility supplied with MS-DOS starting from version 6.0 in 1993 and ending in 2000 with the release of Windows Me. The purpose of DriveSpace is to increase the amount of data the user could store on disks by transparently compressing and decompressing data on-the-fly. It is primarily intended for use with hard drives, but use for floppy disks is also supported. This feature was removed in Windows XP and later.
  • 372
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Parallel Tree Contraction
In computer science, parallel tree contraction is a broadly applicable technique for the parallel solution of a large number of tree problems, and is used as an algorithm design technique for the design of a large number of parallel graph algorithms. Parallel tree contraction was introduced by Gary L. Miller and John H. Reif, and has subsequently been modified to improve efficiency by X. He and Y. Yesha, Hillel Gazit, Gary L. Miller and Shang-Hua Teng and many others. Tree contraction has been used in designing many efficient parallel algorithms, including expression evaluation, finding lowest common ancestors, tree isomorphism, graph isomorphism, maximal subtree isomorphism, common subexpression elimination, computing the 3-connected components of a graph, and finding an explicit planar embedding of a planar graph Based on the research and work on parallel tree contraction, various algorithms have been proposed targeting to improve the efficiency or simplicity of this topic. This article hereby focuses on a particular solution, which is a variant of the algorithm by Miller and Reif, and its application.
  • 371
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Linear Difference Equation
In mathematics and in particular dynamical systems, a linear difference equation:ch. 17:ch. 10 or linear recurrence relation sets equal to 0 a polynomial that is linear in the various iterates of a variable—that is, in the values of the elements of a sequence. The polynomial's linearity means that each of its terms has degree 0 or 1. Usually the context is the evolution of some variable over time, with the current time period or discrete moment in time denoted as t, one period earlier denoted as t − 1, one period later as t + 1, etc. An nth order linear difference equation is one that can be written in terms of parameters a1, …, an and b as or equivalently as The equation is called homogeneous if b = 0 and nonhomogeneous if b ≠ 0. Since the longest time lag between iterates appearing in the equation is n, this is an nth order equation, where n could be any positive integer. When the longest lag is specified numerically so n does not appear notationally as the longest time lag, n is occasionally used instead of t to index iterates. In the most general case the coefficients ai and b could themselves be functions of t; however, this article treats the most common case, that of constant coefficients. If the coefficients ai are polynomials in t the equation is called a linear recurrence equation with polynomial coefficients. The solution of such an equation is a function of t, and not of any iterate values, giving the value of the iterate at any time. To find the solution it is necessary to know the specific values (known as initial conditions) of n of the iterates, and normally these are the n iterates that are oldest. The equation or its variable is said to be stable if from any set of initial conditions the variable's limit as time goes to infinity exists; this limit is called the steady state. Difference equations are used in a variety of contexts, such as in economics to model the evolution through time of variables such as gross domestic product, the inflation rate, the exchange rate, etc. They are used in modeling such time series because values of these variables are only measured at discrete intervals. In econometric applications, linear difference equations are modeled with stochastic terms in the form of autoregressive (AR) models and in models such as vector autoregression (VAR) and autoregressive moving average (ARMA) models that combine AR with other features.
  • 371
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Microsoft DoubleSpace BPB
DriveSpace (initially known as DoubleSpace) is a disk compression utility supplied with MS-DOS starting from version 6.0 in 1993 and ending in 2000 with the release of Windows Me. The purpose of DriveSpace is to increase the amount of data the user could store on disks by transparently compressing and decompressing data on-the-fly. It is primarily intended for use with hard drives, but use for floppy disks is also supported. This feature was removed in Windows XP and later.
  • 370
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
DNS Tunnelling Detection
The Domain Name System (DNS) protocol is fundamental to the operation of the Internet with the primary purpose of translating domain names to IP addresses. This important service facilitates access to the Internet by using website names or any arbitrary domain names. The DNS protocol communicates internal requests to external remote servers and creates a landscape for attackers to perform malicious activities such as stealing credentials and sensitive data. One of the most effective DNS attack types is DNS tunnelling, where the attacker creates a tunnel between the client’s network and the attacker’s machine, utilising command and control channels to obscure data and bypass the firewall and intrusion detection systems.
  • 369
  • 01 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Functional Database Model
The functional database model is used to support analytics applications such as financial planning and performance management. The functional database model, or the functional model for short, is different from but complementary to the relational model. The functional model is also distinct from other similarly named concepts, including the DAPLEX functional database model and functional language databases. The functional model is part of the online analytical processing (OLAP) category since it comprises multidimensional hierarchical consolidation. But it goes beyond OLAP by requiring a spreadsheet-like cell orientation, where cells can be input or calculated as functions of other cells. Also as in spreadsheets, it supports interactive calculations where the values of all dependent cells are automatically up to date whenever the value of a cell is changed.
  • 368
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Go Equipment
Go equipment consists of the objects that are necessary in order to play the game of Go which originated in China. Although the equipment is simple, there is a varying degree of quality and material used in making the equipment, from the economical to the extremely valuable.
  • 368
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Country Code Top-Level Domains with Commercial Licenses
Country code top-level domains with commercial licenses are Internet country code top-level domain that have adopted a policy for worldwide commercial use. Some of the world's smallest countries have opened their country code domain to worldwide registrations for commercial purposes. For example, Tuvalu and the Federated States of Micronesia, small island-states in the Pacific, have partnered with VeriSign and FSM Telecommunications respectively, to sell domain name registrations using the TV and fm TLDs to television and radio stations. Some commercially available ccTLDs are in demand for use outside their home countries because their name can provide a component of a meaningful word or phrase. These are sometimes referred to as vanity ccTLDs.
  • 366
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Microsoft Realtime Compression Interface
DriveSpace (initially known as DoubleSpace) is a disk compression utility supplied with MS-DOS starting from version 6.0 in 1993 and ending in 2000 with the release of Windows Me. The purpose of DriveSpace is to increase the amount of data the user could store on disks by transparently compressing and decompressing data on-the-fly. It is primarily intended for use with hard drives, but use for floppy disks is also supported. This feature was removed in Windows XP and later.
  • 366
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Compressed Volume File
DriveSpace (initially known as DoubleSpace) is a disk compression utility supplied with MS-DOS starting from version 6.0 in 1993 and ending in 2000 with the release of Windows Me. The purpose of DriveSpace is to increase the amount of data the user could store on disks by transparently compressing and decompressing data on-the-fly. It is primarily intended for use with hard drives, but use for floppy disks is also supported. This feature was removed in Windows XP and later.
  • 365
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
One Instruction Set Computer
A one instruction set computer (OISC), sometimes called an ultimate reduced instruction set computer (URISC), is an abstract machine that uses only one instruction – obviating the need for a machine language opcode. With a judicious choice for the single instruction and given infinite resources, an OISC is capable of being a universal computer in the same manner as traditional computers that have multiple instructions.:55 OISCs have been recommended as aids in teaching computer architecture:327:2 and have been used as computational models in structural computing research.
  • 364
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Go Ranks and Ratings
There are various systems of Go ranks and ratings that measure the skill in the traditional board game Go. Traditionally, Go rankings have been measured using a system of dan and kyu ranks. Especially in amateur play, these ranks facilitate the handicapping system, with a difference of one rank roughly corresponding to one free move at the beginning of the game. This system is also commonly used in many East Asian martial arts, where it often corresponds with a belt color. With the ready availability of calculators and computers, rating systems have been introduced. In such systems, a rating is rigorously calculated on the basis of game results.
  • 363
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
BASIC09
BASIC09 is a structured BASIC programming language dialect developed by Microware on behalf of Motorola for the then-new Motorola 6809 CPU and released in February 1980. It is primarily used with the OS-9 operating system, released in 1979. Microware also released a version for OS-9/68k on the 68000 as Microware BASIC. In contrast to typical BASICs of the era, BASIC09 includes a multi-pass compiler that produces compact bytecode known as I-code. I-code replaces a number of data structures found in other BASICs with direct pointers to code and values, speeding performance. Users can further compile code using the PACK command, at which point it can be called directly by OS-9 and operated as native code. In the case of PACKed code, a cut-down version of the BASIC09 runtime system is used, Runb, further improving memory footprint and load time. The language includes a number of structured programming additions, including local variables, the ability to ignore line numbers in favor of named routines, user-defined structures, and several distinct base data types including 16-bit and 8-bit (byte) integers, in addition to floating point and strings.
  • 357
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Domain Registration
Domain registration is the process of acquiring a domain name from a domain name registrar.
  • 356
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
CALL (DOS Command)
This article presents a list of commands used by DOS operating systems, especially as used on x86-based IBM PC compatibles (PCs). Other DOS operating systems are not part of the scope of this list. In DOS, many standard system commands were provided for common tasks such as listing files on a disk or moving files. Some commands were built into the command interpreter, others existed as external commands on disk. Over the several generations of DOS, commands were added for the additional functions of the operating system. In the current Microsoft Windows operating system, a text-mode command prompt window, cmd.exe, can still be used.
  • 352
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Object-Relational Impedance Mismatch
The object-relational impedance mismatch is a set of conceptual and technical difficulties that are often encountered when a relational database management system (RDBMS) is being served by an application program (or multiple application programs) written in an object-oriented programming language or style, particularly because objects or class definitions must be mapped to database tables defined by a relational schema. The term object-relational impedance mismatch is derived from the electrical engineering term impedance matching.
  • 352
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Microsoft DoubleSpace BIOS Parameter Block
DriveSpace (initially known as DoubleSpace) is a disk compression utility supplied with MS-DOS starting from version 6.0 in 1993 and ending in 2000 with the release of Windows Me. The purpose of DriveSpace is to increase the amount of data the user could store on disks by transparently compressing and decompressing data on-the-fly. It is primarily intended for use with hard drives, but use for floppy disks is also supported. This feature was removed in Windows XP and later.
  • 345
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Patch Verb
In computing, the PATCH method is a request method supported by the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) protocol for making partial changes to an existing resource. The PATCH method provides an entity containing a list of changes to be applied to the resource requested using the HTTP Uniform Resource Identifier (URI). The list of changes are supplied in the form of a PATCH document. If the requested resource does not exist then the server may create the resource depending on the PATCH document media type and permissions. The changes described in the PATCH document must be semantically well defined but can have a different media type than the resource being patched. Frameworks such as XML, JSON can be used in describing the changes in the PATCH document.
  • 343
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Infinite–dimensional Vector Function
An infinite–dimensional vector function is a function whose values lie in an infinite-dimensional topological vector space, such as a Hilbert space or a Banach space. Such functions are applied in most sciences including physics.
  • 340
  • 15 Nov 2022
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