You're using an outdated browser. Please upgrade to a modern browser for the best experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Diagnostically Challenging Subtypes of Invasive Lobular Carcinomas
Invasive lobular carcinoma is the most common special breast carcinoma subtype, with unique morphological (discohesive cells, single-cell files, targetoid pattern) and immunohistochemical (loss of E-cadherin and β-catenin staining) features. Moreover, ILC displays a poor response to neoadjuvant therapy, a different metastatic pattern compared to invasive breast carcinoma of no special type, as well as unique molecular characteristics. In addition to the classic variant of invasive lobular carcinoma, several other well-recognized variants exist, including classic, alveolar, tubulolobular, solid, pleomorphic, signet-ring, and mixed. 
  • 533
  • 10 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Ele-Monitoring Systems and Ontology-Based Models in Asthma Domain
Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by severe inflammation of the bronchial mucosa. Allergic asthma is the most common form of this health issue. Asthma is classified into allergic and non-allergic asthma, and it can be triggered by several factors such as indoor and outdoor allergens, air pollution, weather conditions, tobacco smoke, and food allergens, as well as other factors. Asthma symptoms differ in their frequency and severity since each patient reacts differently to these triggers. 
  • 532
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Exercise on Oxidative Stress after Spinal Cord Injury
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is an irreversible disease resulting in partial or total loss of sensory and motor function. The pathophysiology of SCI is characterized by an initial primary injury phase followed by a secondary phase in which reactive oxygen species (ROSs) and associated oxidative stress play hallmark roles. Physical exercise is an indispensable means of promoting psychophysical well-being and improving quality of life. It positively influences the neuromuscular, cardiovascular, respiratory, and immune systems. Moreover, exercise may provide a mechanism to regulate the variation and equilibrium between pro-oxidants and antioxidants. 
  • 529
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Role of Muscle Biomarkers in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the predominant orthopedic disorder in children, affecting 1–3% of the global population. Research in this field has tried to delineate the genetic factors behind scoliosis and its association with heredity since AIS is considered a polygenic disease and has different genetic and epigenetic factors. 
  • 527
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Immunotherapy Induced Hypophysitis
Hypophysitis, a rare inflammatory disorder of the pituitary gland, has seen an uptick in reported cases in recent years. Immune checkpoint inhibitors induce hypophysitis (IIHs): IIHs is an increasingly frequent toxicity of in patients on treatment with inhibitors targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1).
  • 526
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Monosodium Crystals in Vessels of Patients with Gout
Cardiovascular disease in gout is a central issue, but the underlying mechanisms linking the two are unclear. The existence of monosodium (MSU) crystal deposition directly inflaming vessel walls has been recurrently suggested and challenged since the 1950s and is again a matter of active debate since recent studies using dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) suggested a higher prevalence of plaques considered to be containing MSU crystals in patients with gout.
  • 524
  • 07 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Intraoperative Radiotherapy in Conservative Breast Cancer Treatment
Radiation therapy is an important part of conservative breast cancer treatment. Boost radiation of the tumor bed at enough doses is often necessary to increase local control of the disease. There are several techniques for administering a boost, including intraoperative radiotherapy.
  • 523
  • 05 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Find Relief with Spine Pain
Spine pain is the most common problem in adults and children and hampers regular activities. The intensity of spine pain can range from mild to sharp, consistent pain that may appear from the neck to the leg region.
  • 516
  • 31 Oct 2024
Topic Review
Inflammatory Burden and Immunomodulative Therapeutics of Cardiovascular Diseases
Besides traditional risk factors, accumulated evidence suggested that a high inflammatory burden has emerged as a key characteristic modulating both the pathogenesis and progression of cardiovascular diseases, inclusive of atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. To mechanistically elucidate the correlation, signalling pathways downstream to Toll-like receptors, nucleotide oligomerisation domain-like receptors, interleukins, tumour necrosis factor, and corresponding cytokines were raised as central mechanisms exerting the effect of inflammation. Other remarkable adjuvant factors include oxidative stress and secondary ferroptosis. These molecular discoveries have propelled pharmaceutical advancements. Statin was suggested to confer cardiovascular benefits not only by lowering cholesterol levels but also by attenuating inflammation. Colchicine was repurposed as an immunomodulator co-administered with coronary intervention. Novel interleukin-1β and −6 antagonists exhibited promising cardiac benefits in the recent trials as well. Moreover, manipulation of gut microbiota and associated metabolites was addressed to antagonise inflammation-related cardiovascular pathophysiology. The gut-cardio-renal axis was therein established to explain the mutual interrelationship.
  • 503
  • 29 Jan 2022
Topic Review
High-Cost Oncological Drugs
In Italy, drug expenditure governance is achieved by setting caps based on the percentage increase in hospital spending compared to the previous year. This method is ineffective in identifying issues and opportunities as it does not consider an analysis of the number of treated cases and per capita consumption in local and regional settings. The IRCCS (Scientific hospitalization and treatment institute) Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori” in Meldola, has developed and adopted an effective management model designed to oversee pharmaceutical expenditure, guarantee prescription appropriateness and quality of care to patients. The budget setting follows a structured process which evaluates determining factors of the expenditure such as expected patients calculated according to the epidemiology and to national and regional indications of appropriateness, mean cost per patient calculated on the average period of demonstrated efficacy of the drug and use of drugs with the best cost-effectiveness ratio. Strict monitoring and integrated purchasing processes allow for immediate corrective actions on expenditures, as well as a continuous dialogue with the region in order to guarantee consistent funding of IRST activities.
  • 501
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence-Based Diagnosis of Renal Cell Carcinoma Subtypes
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is characterized by its diverse histopathological features, which pose possible challenges to accurate diagnosis and prognosis. The use of AI in radiology, which is also known as radiomics, has shown excellent diagnostic accuracy for detecting RCC and can even provide information regarding RCC subtyping, nuclear grade prediction, gene mutations, and gene expression-based molecular signatures.
  • 501
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Chemoprevention for Breast Cancer
Female breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy worldwide. Risk assessment helps to identify women at increased risk of breast cancer, allowing the adoption of a comprehensive approach to reducing breast cancer incidence through personalized interventions, including lifestyle modification, chemoprevention, intensified surveillance with breast imaging, genetic testing, counseling, and prophylactic surgeries. Primary prevention acts on modifiable risk factors to reduce breast cancer occurrence. Chemoprevention with tamoxifen, raloxifene, anastrozole, and exemestane has already shown benefits in decreasing breast cancer incidence in women at an increased risk for breast cancer.
  • 498
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Hereditary Angioedema during Pregnancy
Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a genetic condition that is characterized by recurrent episodes of swelling in various subcutaneous and mucosal tissues, including the skin, upper respiratory system, and gastrointestinal tract. The prevalence of HAE is estimated to be 1:30,000–80,000, and approximately 200,000 people are estimated to be affected by HAE worldwide.
  • 497
  • 18 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Association between Obesity and COVID-19
The adoption of emerging technologies in healthcare systems plays a crucial part in anti-obesity initiatives. COVID-19 has intensified the Body Mass Index (BMI) discourses in AI (Artificial Intelligence)-powered social media. However, few studies have reported on the influence of digital content on obesity prevention policies. Understanding the nature and forums of obese metaphors in social media is the first step in policy intervention. 
  • 490
  • 28 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Interprofessional Education in Diabetes Care
Diabetes is a leading non-communicable disease with a huge and predictably increasing burden on individuals, societies and governments. Interprofessional education (IPE) aims to enhance healthcare providers’ competence and patient care by providing well-organised, coordinated interprofessional care (IPC) within teams of healthcare professionals of different disciplines. Interprofessional practices are crucial in diabetes care. However, evidence on the effect of diabetes-specific IPE on diabetes outcomes is limited. 
  • 486
  • 21 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Childhood Obesity and Comorbidities in High-Risk Minority Populations
Developed high-income countries (HICs) such as the UK, USA, Australia and Canada continue to experience a rapid increase in obesity across all age groups. Among children the issue obesity is becoming more concerning since they are now experiencing obesity-associated "adult-diseases" including type-2 diabetes, hypertension and fatty liver diseases. Disparities among populations have also been noted where minority ethnicities suffer a much higher prevalence of childhood obesity and associated comorbidities than the rest of the populations. The increased childhood obesity disparities among populations reflect two concerns: one is HICs’ ineffective intervention approaches in terms of lifestyle, nutrition and physical activity in minority populations, and the second is the virtually non-existent lifestyle obesity interventions in LMICs.
  • 481
  • 31 Oct 2024
Topic Review
Exploring Mental Wellness Resources in the Digital Age
This article explores the growing role of digital tools in supporting mental health, including therapy apps, online communities, and AI-driven platforms. It highlights their benefits—like accessibility, affordability, and personalization—while also addressing limitations such as privacy and quality concerns. As technology advances, digital mental wellness is becoming a vital part of modern self-care.  
  • 481
  • 17 Apr 2025
Topic Review
Home-Based Intelligent Exercise System for Seniors’ Healthcare
From the perspectives of science and technology, the maturity of IoT technology, and the rapid development of AI, the use of AIoT emerging technology combines AI and IoT to improve the quality of life of seniors and has attracted greater attention. IoT means that electronic devices can be connected to the Internet through network infrastructure. The device has a variety of sensors, which can collect and integrate information anytime and anywhere to assist people’s lives
  • 479
  • 08 Dec 2023
Topic Review
School-Based Interventions for Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors in Children
Diet and physical activity interventions had favorable effects on a series of health outcomes, including anthropometric parameters, biomarkers, eating behavior and self-efficacy. Diet-only interventions had a positive impact specifically on eating habits, mostly on water consumption. Most successful interventions lasted for 1 school year, and they were characterized by parental involvement and teachers’ training.
  • 477
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Protecting Mother: DNAm Age Accelerates during Pregnancy (POC)
Pregnancy involves profound physiological changes that may affect biological age. Epigenetic “clock” biomarkers derived from DNA methylation can quantify biological (epigenetic) age. A novel saliva-based 10-CpG epigenetic clock was recently developed. We applied this clock to test whether late pregnancy is associated with accelerated epigenetic age in saliva. Saliva DNA methylation from pregnant women in late pregnancy (>20 weeks gestation, n = 14, mean age 34.9 years) and age-matched non-pregnant female controls with no prior pregnancies (n = 108, mean age 35.1 years) was analysed. Methylation β-values at the 10 clock CpG sites were measured (Illumina EPIC array at Eurofins, Denmark) and converted to DNA methylation age using the published 10-CpG clock algorithm. Epigenetic age acceleration (EAA) was defined as the difference between DNA methylation age and chronological age. The pregnant cohort showed a higher mean methylation level across the 10 CpGs (mean β = 0.256) than controls (mean β = 0.248, p < 0.05), consistent with age-related hypermethylation at these loci. Correspondingly, pregnant women had an elevated DNA methylation age (mean 39.1 years) compared to controls (mean 36.0 years, p = 0.03). On average, late pregnancy was associated with ~3.1 years higher epigenetic age, or ~4.2 years EAA (DNA methylation age exceeding chronological age) versus ~0.9 years EAA in controls. Using a saliva-specific 10-CpG clock, we found evidence of significant epigenetic age acceleration in women during late pregnancy. These results support the hypothesis that the biological ageing process is accelerated in pregnancy. Given that epigenetic age is potentially malleable, monitoring epigenetic age in expectant mothers could inform interventions (nutrition, stress reduction, etc.) to mitigate age-accelerating effects and promote long-term health.
  • 467
  • 01 Jul 2025
  • Page
  • of
  • 43
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Academic Video Service
Feedback