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Topic Review
Antioxidant Therapies in TBI
Due to a multiplicity of causes provoking traumatic brain injury (TBI), TBI is a highly heterogeneous pathology, characterized by high mortality and disability rates. TBI is an acute neurodegenerative event, potentially and unpredictably evolving into sub-chronic and chronic neurodegenerative events, with transient or permanent neurologic, cognitive, and motor deficits, for which no valid standardized therapies are available. A vast body of literature demonstrates that TBI-induced oxidative/nitrosative stress is involved in the development of both acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. Cellular defenses against this phenomenon are largely dependent on low molecular weight antioxidants, most of which are consumed with diet or as nutraceutical supplements. A large number of studies have evaluated the efficacy of antioxidant administration to decrease TBI-associated damage in various animal TBI models and in a limited number of clinical trials. Points of weakness of preclinical studies are represented by the large variability in the TBI model adopted, in the antioxidant tested, in the timing, dosages, and routes of administration used, and in the variety of molecular and/or neurocognitive parameters evaluated. The analysis of the very few clinical studies does not allow strong conclusions to be drawn on the real effectiveness of antioxidant administration to TBI patients. Standardizing TBI models and different experimental conditions, as well as testing the efficacy of administration of a cocktail of antioxidants rather than only one, should be mandatory. According to some promising clinical results, it appears that sports-related concussion is probably the best type of TBI to test benefits of antioxidant administration.
  • 728
  • 08 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Particulate Air Pollution and Risk of Neuropsychiatric Outcomes
There is evidence that the impact of particle pollution on the brain, the portals of entry, the neural damage mechanisms, and ultimately the neurological and psychiatric outcomes statistically associated with exposures. PM pollution comes from natural and anthropogenic sources such as fossil fuel combustion, engineered nanoparticles (NP ≤ 100 nm), wildfires, and wood burning. We are all constantly exposed during normal daily activities to some level of particle pollution of various sizes—PM2.5 (≤2.5 µm), ultrafine PM (UFP ≤ 100 nm), or NPs. Inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption are key portals of entry. 
  • 726
  • 16 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Orexin in REM Sleep
Orexin plays a significant role in the modulation of REM sleep, as well as in the regulation of appetite and feeding. There is evidence on the role of orexin in the modulation of sleep and wakefulness and highlights that orexin should be considered essentially as a neurotransmitter inhibiting REM sleep and, to a lesser extent, a wake promoting agent. Subsequently, the relationship between orexin, REM sleep, and appetite regulation is examined in detail, shedding light on their interconnected nature in both physiological conditions and diseases (such as narcolepsy, sleep-related eating disorder, idiopathic hypersomnia, and night eating syndrome).
  • 726
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Pericytes in Epilepsy
Pericytes are a component of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) neurovascular unit, in which they play a crucial role in BBB integrity and are also implicated in neuroinflammation. The association between pericytes, BBB dysfunction, and the pathophysiology of epilepsy has been investigated, and links between epilepsy and pericytes have been identified. Here, we review current knowledge about the role of pericytes in epilepsy. Clinical evidence has shown an accumulation of pericytes with altered morphology in the cerebral vascular territories of patients with intractable epilepsy. In vitro, proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-6, cause morphological changes in human-derived pericytes, where IL-6 leads to cell damage. 
  • 725
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Personalized Psychiatry
The best medical application of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is generally thought to be in cell transplantation therapy; however, disease modeling and drug screening could be as relevant as cell therapy, making iPSCs attractive candidates for future personalized psychiatry development. Modeling of iPSC-disease reproduces a pathologic condition in vitro by reprogramming the patient’s somatic cells into iPSCs and redifferentiating the patient-specific iPSCs into disease-specific cells. Additionally, drug screening procedures can use the derived cells from humans for which the test compounds are therapeutically intended.
  • 725
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Prevalence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
OSA is a respiratory disorder characterized by repeated episodes of partial (hypopnea) and complete (apnea) obstructions of the upper airway during sleep.
  • 724
  • 08 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Device-Aided Therapies in LSPD
Late-stage Parkinson’s disease (LSPD) patients are highly dependent on activities of daily living and require significant medical needs. In LSPD, there is a significant caregiver burden and greater health economic impact compared to earlier PD stages.
  • 724
  • 15 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Antipsychotic Efflux Impairment via Blood-Brain Barrier
Antipsychotic (AP)—induced adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a current problem of biological and clinical psychiatry. Despite the development of new generations of APs, the problem of AP-induced ADRs has not been solved and continues to be actively studied. One of the important mechanisms for the development of AP-induced ADRs is a genetically-determined impairment of AP efflux across the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
  • 724
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
The Downregulation of Opioid Receptors and Neuropathic Pain
Neuropathic pain (NP) refers to pain caused by primary or secondary damage or dysfunction of the peripheral or central nervous system, which seriously affects the physical and mental health of 7–10% of the general population. The etiology and pathogenesis of NP are complex; as such, NP has been a hot topic in clinical medicine and basic research for a long time, with researchers aiming to find a cure by studying it. Opioids are the most commonly used painkillers in clinical practice but are regarded as third-line drugs for NP in various guidelines due to the low efficacy caused by the imbalance of opioid receptor internalization and their possible side effects.
  • 723
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Classifications and Treatments for Gliomas
Gliomas pose a significant challenge to neurosurgical oncology because of their diverse histopathological features, genetic heterogeneity, and clinical manifestations. Despite significant advances in understanding the molecular pathways of glioma, translating this knowledge into effective long-term solutions remains a challenge. 
  • 723
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Etiology of Alcohol Use Disorder
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a complex, chronic, debilitating condition impacting millions worldwide. Genetic, environmental, and epigenetic factors are known to contribute to the development of AUD. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of regulatory RNAs, commonly referred to as the “dark matter” of the genome, with little to no protein-coding potential. LncRNAs have been implicated in numerous processes critical for cell survival, suggesting that they play important functional roles in regulating different cell processes. LncRNAs were also shown to display higher tissue specificity than protein-coding genes and have a higher abundance in the brain and central nervous system, demonstrating a possible role in the etiology of psychiatric disorders.
  • 723
  • 16 Aug 2022
Topic Review
The Blood–Brain Barrier and the Gut–Brain Axis
A fundamental characteristic of living organisms is their ability to separate the internal and external environments, a function achieved in large part through the different physiological barrier systems and their component junctional molecules. Barrier integrity is subject to multiple influences, but one that has received comparatively little attention is the role of the commensal microbiota. These microbes, which represent approximately 50% of the cells in the human body, are increasingly recognized as powerful physiological modulators in other systems, but their role in regulating barrier function is only beginning to be addressed. 
  • 722
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Machine Learning in Neuroimaging of Traumatic Brain Injury
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects approximately 250 in 100,000 individuals globally, contributing to 30–50% of trauma-related mortalities, with adolescents, young adults, and the elderly being the most affected groups. Mild TBI (mTBI) constitutes 80% of TBI cases, impacting around 42 million people annually, and can result in neuropsychiatric outcomes, impaired functionality, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative diseases.
  • 722
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Prion Protein Gene
Inherited mutations in the Prion protein (PrP), encoded by the PRNP gene, have been associated with autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorders, such as Creutzfeldt–Jacob disease (CJD), Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker syndrome (GSS), and Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI). Notably, PRNP mutations have also been described in clinical pictures resembling other neurodegenerative diseases, such as frontotemporal dementia.
  • 721
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy for Posterior Fossa Lesions
Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT), a minimally invasive stereotactic treatment option, is emerging as a viable treatment option for deep-seated primary and metastatic brain lesions due to the use of real-time magnetic resonance thermography. LITT has been used with good outcomes for a variety of brain lesions. The use of LITT for the treatment of posterior fossa lesions continues to show promise. LITT is a feasible method for the treatment of deep-seated lesions of the posterior fossa.
  • 719
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Genetic Architecture of Psychosis in Parkinson’s Disease
Psychosis in Parkinson’s disease (PDP) represents a common and debilitating condition that complicates Parkinson’s disease (PD), mainly in the later stages. The spectrum of psychotic symptoms are heterogeneous, ranging from minor phenomena of mild illusions, passage hallucinations and sense of presence to severe psychosis consisting of visual hallucinations (and rarely, auditory and tactile or gustatory) and paranoid delusions. PDP is associated with increased caregiver stress, poorer quality of life for patients and carers, reduced survival and risk of institutionalization with a significant burden on the healthcare system. The pathophysiology of psychosis in PD is complex and still insufficiently clarified. 
  • 719
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Peripheral Nerve Stimulation in Upper Extremity Pain
The evolution of peripheral nerve stimulation from the early ages to the current status has been facilitated by discoveries in neurobehavioral mechanisms of pain, advances in technology and percutaneous lead development, and the availability of high-quality portable ultrasound units. Peripheral nerve stimulation application in managing upper extremity pain of amputated limbs, post-stroke shoulder pain, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), and median, ulnar, and radial neuropathies are discussed. 
  • 718
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
The Neural Correlates of Developmental Prosopagnosia
Faces play a crucial role in social interactions. Developmental prosopagnosia (DP) refers to the lifelong difficulty in recognizing faces despite the absence of obvious signs of brain lesions. In recent decades, the neural substrate of this condition has been extensively investigated. While early neuroimaging studies did not reveal significant functional and structural abnormalities in the brains of individuals with developmental prosopagnosia (DPs), the evidence identifies abnormalities at multiple levels within DPs’ face-processing networks. 
  • 717
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Traumatic Cerebral Haemorrhage
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a major cause of death and disability worldwide. For all ages and TBI severities, crude incidence rates ranged from 47.3 to 694 per 100,000 population per year (country-level studies) and from 83.3 to 849 per 100,000 population per year (regional-level studies).
  • 715
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Strokes in the ICU
The mortality and neurological sequelae are worse in patients with in-hospital stroke than in those with community-onset stroke. The leading cause of this tragic situation is the delay in emergent treatment.
  • 715
  • 08 May 2023
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