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Topic Review
Ellagic Acid and Polyphenols of Punica granatum L.
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a rich source of polyphenols, including ellagitannins and ellagic acid. The plant is used in traditional medicine, and its purified components can provide anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity and support of host defenses during viral infection and recovery from disease. Pomegranate extracts, ellagitannins and ellagic acid are promising agents to target the SARS-CoV-2 virus and to restrict the host inflammatory response to viral infections, as well as to supplement the depleted host antioxidant levels during the stage of recovery from COVID-19.
  • 755
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Personalized Psychiatry
The best medical application of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is generally thought to be in cell transplantation therapy; however, disease modeling and drug screening could be as relevant as cell therapy, making iPSCs attractive candidates for future personalized psychiatry development. Modeling of iPSC-disease reproduces a pathologic condition in vitro by reprogramming the patient’s somatic cells into iPSCs and redifferentiating the patient-specific iPSCs into disease-specific cells. Additionally, drug screening procedures can use the derived cells from humans for which the test compounds are therapeutically intended.
  • 754
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Rehabilitation Training after Spinal Cord Injury Affects Brain
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious neurological insult that disrupts the ascending and descending neural pathways between the peripheral nerves and the brain, leading to not only functional deficits in the injured area and below the level of the lesion but also morphological, structural, and functional reorganization of the brain. These changes introduce new challenges and uncertainties into the treatment of SCI. Rehabilitation training, a clinical intervention designed to promote functional recovery after spinal cord and brain injuries, has been reported to promote activation and functional reorganization of the cerebral cortex through multiple physiological mechanisms.
  • 754
  • 10 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Relationship between Blood Vessels and Migration of Neuroblasts
Neural precursors originating in the subventricular zone (SVZ), the largest neurogenic region of the adult brain, migrate several millimeters along a restricted migratory pathway, the rostral migratory stream (RMS), toward the olfactory bulb (OB), where they differentiate into interneurons and integrate into the local neuronal circuits. The homophilic mode of migration, i.e. using each other to move, is typical for neuroblast movement in the RMS. In addition, specifically-arranged blood vessels navigate SVZ-derived neuroblasts to the OB and provide signals which promote migration. Blood vessel reorganization in the RMS during the early postnatal period is necessary for proper migration of RMS neuroblasts in adulthood.
  • 753
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Clinical Evidence of Cannabinoids in Migraine
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) influences many biological functions, and hence, its pharmacological modulation may be useful for several disorders, such as migraine. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that the ECS is involved in the modulation of trigeminal excitability. Additionally, clinical data have suggested that an endocannabinoid deficiency is associated with migraine. Given these data, phytocannabinoids, as well as synthetic cannabinoids, have been tried as migraine treatments.
  • 753
  • 24 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Osteopontin in the Inflammatory Responses of Alzheimer’s Disease
Osteopontin (OPN), an inflammatory cytokine and biomarker of alzheimer’s disease (AD), is implicated in Aβ clearance and toxicity, microglial activation, and inflammation, and is considered to be a potential therapeutic target. 
  • 752
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Cognitive Impairment in Heart Failure
Cognitive impairment (CI) is common in heart failure (HF). Patients with HF demonstrate reduced global cognition as well as deficits in multiple cognitive domains compared to controls. Degree of CI may be related to HF severity. HF has also been associated with an increased risk of dementia. Anatomical brain changes have been observed in patients with HF, including grey matter atrophy and increased white matter lesions. Patients with HF and CI have poorer functional independence and self-care, more frequent rehospitalisations as well as increased mortality. Pathophysiological pathways linking HF and CI have been proposed, including cerebral hypoperfusion and impaired cerebrovascular autoregulation, systemic inflammation, proteotoxicity and thromboembolic disease.
  • 751
  • 27 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Tumor Microenvironment in Glial Neoplasm
Despite the multidisciplinary management in the treatment of glioblastomas, the average survival of GBM patients is still 15 months. In recent years, molecular biomarkers have gained more and more importance both in the diagnosis and therapy of glial tumors. At the same time, it has become clear that non neoplastic cells, which constitute about 30% of glioma mass, dramatically influence tumor growth, spread, and recurrence. This is the main reason why, in recent years, scientific research has been focused on understanding the function and the composition of tumor microenvironment and its role in gliomagenesis and recurrence.
  • 751
  • 20 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Astrocytic Glutamatergic Transmission in Neurodegenerative Disorders
Several neurodegenerative disorders involve impaired neurotransmission, and glutamatergic neurotransmission sets a prototypical example. Glutamate is a predominant excitatory neurotransmitter where the astrocytes play a pivotal role in maintaining the extracellular levels through release and uptake mechanisms. Astrocytes modulate calcium-mediated excitability and release several neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, including glutamate, and significantly modulate neurotransmission. Accumulating evidence supports the concept of excitotoxicity caused by astrocytic glutamatergic release in pathological conditions.
  • 751
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Strokes in the ICU
The mortality and neurological sequelae are worse in patients with in-hospital stroke than in those with community-onset stroke. The leading cause of this tragic situation is the delay in emergent treatment.
  • 751
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Brainstem Cholinergic Mechanisms Controlling Motor Activity
Locomotion is a basic motor act essential for survival. Amongst other things, it allows animals to move in their environment to seek food, escape predators, or seek mates for reproduction. The neural mechanisms involved in the control of locomotion have been examined in many vertebrate species and a clearer picture is progressively emerging. The basic muscle synergies responsible for propulsion are generated by neural networks located in the spinal cord. In turn, descending supraspinal inputs are responsible for starting, maintaining, and stopping locomotion as well as for steering and controlling speed. Several neurotransmitter systems play a crucial role in modulating the neural activity during locomotion.
  • 749
  • 23 Sep 2022
Topic Review
The Neural Correlates of Developmental Prosopagnosia
Faces play a crucial role in social interactions. Developmental prosopagnosia (DP) refers to the lifelong difficulty in recognizing faces despite the absence of obvious signs of brain lesions. In recent decades, the neural substrate of this condition has been extensively investigated. While early neuroimaging studies did not reveal significant functional and structural abnormalities in the brains of individuals with developmental prosopagnosia (DPs), the evidence identifies abnormalities at multiple levels within DPs’ face-processing networks. 
  • 749
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Targeting Microbiota as a Novel Therapeutic Strategy
Gut microbiota are extremely dynamic and can be modified by genetic and environmental factors, such as exercise, diet, stress, and contaminants. On the other hand, gut microbiota influence human health by regulating metabolism, host immune response, inflammatory machinery, and detoxification mechanisms. Because alteration of the gut microbiota can induce changes in brain activity a new avenue for potential therapeutic manipulation of the microbiome in neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has emerged. There are multiple gut microbiota interventions, including the administration of antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, or faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT).
  • 747
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
MGMT-Methylation in Non-Neoplastic Diseases
Quantifying O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation plays an essential role in assessing the potential efficacy of alkylating agents in the chemotherapy of malignant gliomas. MGMT promoter methylation is considered to be a characteristic of subgroups of certain malignancies but has also been described in various peripheral inflammatory diseases. However, MGMT promoter methylation levels have not yet been investigated in non-neoplastic brain diseases. This study demonstrates for the first time that one can indeed detect slightly enhanced MGMT promoter methylation in individual cases of inflammatory demyelinating CNS diseases such as multiple sclerosis and progressive multifocal leucencephalopathy (PML), as well as in other demyelinating diseases such as central pontine and exptrapontine myelinolysis, and diseases with myelin damage such as Wallerian degeneration.
  • 746
  • 22 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Radiotherapy Treatment Options in Management of Relapsing Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive brain tumor in adults, with a median survival of about 15 months. After the prior treatment, GBM tends to relapse within the high dose radiation field, defined as the peritumoral brain zone (PTZ), needing a second treatment. 
  • 745
  • 20 Apr 2022
Topic Review
P2X7 Receptors in Astrocytes
P2X7 receptors (P2X7Rs) in astrocytes play essential roles in PC. Although P2X7Rs trigger inflammatory and toxic responses, PC-induced P2X7Rs in astrocytes function as a switch to protect the brain against ischemia. 
  • 745
  • 21 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Circadian and Circannual Rhythms in Migraine
Migraine—a primary headache—has circadian and circannual rhythms in the onset of attacks. The circadian and circannual rhythms involve the hypothalamus, which is strongly associated with pain processing in migraines. Moreover, the role of melatonin in circadian rhythms has been implied in the pathophysiology of migraines.
  • 745
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Plants Oil and Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis disease (MS) is a 38.5 chronic neurological autoimmune disease that affects the nervous system, and its incidence is increasing globally. There is no cure for this disease, and with its severity and disabling variety, it is important to search for possibilities that could help to slow its progression. It is recognized that the mechanisms of MS pathology, its development and degree of activity can be affected by dietary factors. 
  • 745
  • 22 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Serotonergic Hallucinogens in Depression Treatment
Depressive disorder is a demanding and common condition affecting more than 264 million people worldwide [1]. Despite many studies, the etiology of this disease remains unknown [2]. Some psychedelics, especially psilocybin, demonstrated an ability to reduce depressive symptoms as measured by several psychological scales, which was often sustained for months after the last psychedelic session.
  • 744
  • 26 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Obesity and Dementia
Obesity is a growing worldwide health problem, affecting many people due to excessive saturated fat consumption, lack of exercise, or a sedentary lifestyle. Leptin is an adipokine secreted by adipose tissue that increases in obesity and has central actions not only at the hypothalamic level but also in other regions and nuclei of the central nervous system (CNS) such as the cerebral cortex and hippocampus.
  • 744
  • 19 May 2022
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