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Topic Review
Clinical/Sonographic Assessment and Management of Shoulder Calcific Tendinopathy
Shoulder disorders are very common in clinical practice. Among several other pathologies, calcific tendinopathy of the rotator cuff tendons is frequently observed during the ultrasound examination of patients with painful shoulder. The deposition of hydroxyapatite calcium crystals should not be considered as a static process but rather a dynamic pathological process with different/possible patterns of migration.
  • 805
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
3D-Assisted Acetabular Fracture Surgery
The techniques currently used in 3D-assisted acetabular fracture surgery are 3D printing and visual surgical planning, 3D printing and pre-contouring of implants, and custom-made patient-specific implants. Three-dimensional-assisted surgery compared to conventional surgery reduces operation time, intraoperative blood loss, intraoperative fluoroscopy usage, and complication rate. Evidence for the improvement of postoperative fracture reduction and physical functioning is limited, because of heterogeneity and varying qualities of the studies.
  • 804
  • 28 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Fibular Hemimelia
Fibular hemimelia (FH) is the most common lower-extremity congenital longitudinal deficiency, with occurrence between 1:135,000 and 1:50,000 births. It is associated with a constellation of deformities that fall into five general categories: tibial deformity, genu valgum, knee instability, leg length discrepancy (LLD) and foot and ankle deformities and deficiencies. Both deformities and leg length discrepancy in FH can present with a wide spectrum from mild to severe .
  • 797
  • 21 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Innate Immunity and Osteoarthritis
The innate immune system is classically triggered by host responses to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) induced by interactions with invariable pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) on synovial joint immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells (DC). PRRs are comprised of a family of cell surface, endosomal and cytosolic receptors, including Toll-like receptors and NOD-like receptors. Activation of PRRs within tissues such as the joint leads initially to rapid-onset inflammatory responses, followed later by initiation of adaptive immune responses and finally by healing responses in the case of tissue injuries.
  • 791
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Kummell’s Disease
KD is an eponym for a delayed post-traumatic bone osteonecrosis. Patients usually present with advanced stage kyphosis in the thoracolumbar (T-L) area within months to years after experiencing a minor trauma, initially presenting without any symptoms. Possible causes include avascular osteonecrosis, microfracture, atrophic nonunion, and a nutritional injury fracture.
  • 788
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Biophysical Stimulation in Athletes’ Joint Degeneration
Biophysical stimulation is a non-invasive therapy currently employed in orthopaedics and traumatology practice to enhance the reparative abilities of the musculoskeletal system. Biophysical stimulation refers to the application of physical energy to a biological system to increase and facilitate tissue regeneration and anabolic activity.
  • 783
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Pubic Symphysis Diastasis
A pubic symphysis diastasis (PSD, diastasis symphysis pubis) is defined as excessive widening of the system of anatomical structures that make up the pubic symphysis (above the physiological norm of 10 mm), occurring during pregnancy or postpartum. It is total separation or instability of the symphysis without breaking the pubic bones. It is a rare disease with incidences ranging from 1/300 to 1/30,000 .
  • 783
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Achilles Tendinopathy Management
Achilles tendinopathy (AT) is a clinical condition characterized by persistent tendon pain and swelling related to mechanical loading of the Achilles tendon. AT, along with plantar fasciitis and stress fractures, are the injuries that most frequently involve the foot, furthermore AT is one of the most common tendinopathies of the lower limb .
  • 782
  • 21 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Applications of Hydrogels in Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative joint disease that causes disability if left untreated. The treatment of OA currently requires a proper delivery system that avoids the loss of therapeutic ingredients. Hydrogels are widely used in tissue engineering as a platform for carrying drugs and stem cells, and the anatomical environment of the limited joint cavity is suitable for hydrogel therapy. Hydrogel delivery improves drug retention in the joint cavity, making it possible to deliver some drugs that are not suitable for traditional injection; hydrogels with characteristics similar to those of the extracellular matrix facilitate cell loading, proliferation, and migration; hydrogels can promote bone regeneration, depending on their own biochemical properties or on loaded proregenerative factors. 
  • 768
  • 11 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Cartilage Defects
Cartilage defects are a predisposing factor for osteoarthritis. Conventional therapies are mostly palliative and there is an interest in developing newer therapies that target the disease’s progression. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been suggested as a promising therapy to restore hyaline cartilage to cartilage defects, though the optimal cell source has remained under investigation. Establishing standardised methods for MSC extraction and delivery, and performing studies with long follow-up should enable future high-quality research to provide the evidence needed to bring AMSC-based therapies into the market.
  • 764
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Bio-Based Adhesives for Orthopedic Applications
Bone fracture healing involves complex physiological processes that require biological events that are well coordinated. The process of fracture healing has been upheld through various treatments, including bone implants and bio-adhesive utilization. Bio-adhesion can be interpreted as the process in which synthetic or natural materials adhere to body surfaces. Bio-based adhesives have superiority in many value-added applications because of their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and large molecular weight. The increased variety and utilization of bio-based materials with strong adhesion characteristics provide new possibilities in the field of orthopedics in terms of using bio-based adhesives with excellent resorbability, biocompatibility, ease of use, and low immunoreactivity.
  • 756
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Fracture Healing Research
Fractures are one of the most frequently occurring traumatic events worldwide.
  • 754
  • 22 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Sex Differences in Bone Health and Healing
Skeletal tissue displays sex differences in morphology and physiological function, which can have an impact on bone healing [25]. For example, men tend to have stronger and larger bones compared to women, which can make them more resilient to injury and less prone to fractures. Moreover, in females, the risk of developing osteoporosis sharply increases after menopause, while the occurrence of osteoporosis in men progressively rises with age, and this represents a fundamental issue.
  • 738
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Biomaterials for Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology
The principal features essential for the success of an orthopaedic implant are its shape, dimensional accuracy, and adequate mechanical properties. Unlike other manufactured products, chemical stability and toxicity are of increased importance due to the need for biocompatibility over an implants life which could span several years. Thus, the combination of mechanical and biological properties determines the clinical usefulness of biomaterials in orthopaedic and musculoskeletal trauma surgery. Materials commonly used for these applications include stainless steel, cobalt-chromium and titanium alloys, ceramics, polyethylene, and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) bone cement.
  • 736
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Myotendinous Junction Recovery
The reported myotendinous junction recovery as novel outbreak may have a general significance in the issue of healing. For general significance, the recovery means that the innate problem was essentially resolved by BPC 157 therapy alone. This means the interrelated muscle and tendon healing— including recovery of the muscle–tendon junction injury and the recovery of the muscle and tendon—occurred simultaneously.
  • 735
  • 21 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Pathologic Fractures Based on Tumor Histology
The clinical course of patients with bone metastases is often impaired by bone complications, such as bone fractures, which have a substantial negative impact on clinical outcomes. The skeleton is a common site of metastatic disease in patients with advanced solid tumors, particularly breast, prostate, renal, thyroid and lung tumors. Medical advances over the last decades have been responsible for a progressive and remarkable increase in the survival of patients with cancer, and thus in the number of patients living with bone metastases (BM).
  • 732
  • 07 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and Diabetes
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common compression neuropathy in the general population and is frequently encountered among individuals with type 1 and 2 diabetes. The reason(s) why a peripheral nerve trunk in individuals with diabetes is more susceptible to nerve compression is still not completely clarified, but both biochemical and structural changes in the peripheral nerve are probably implicated. In particular, individuals with neuropathy, irrespective of aetiology, have a higher risk of peripheral nerve compression disorders, as reflected among individuals with diabetic neuropathy. Diagnosis of CTS in individuals with diabetes should be carefully evaluated; detailed case history, thorough clinical examination, and electrophysiological examination is recommended. Individuals with diabetes and CTS benefit from surgery to the same extent as otherwise healthy individuals with CTS.
  • 725
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Prosthesis Designs and Tuberosity Fixation
Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) is increasingly used for the treatment of complex proximal humerus fractures and fracture sequelae. In 2021, half a dozen models of fracture stems are commercially available, reflecting its growing utility for fracture management. Prosthesis designs, bone grafting and tuberosity fixation techniques have evolved to allow better and more reliable fixation of tuberosities and bony ingrowth.
  • 723
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Benign Bone Tumors
Approximately 40% of the skeletal and musculoskeletal proliferative lesions do not determine metastasis and are related to a good survival rate. These groups of proliferative lesions are generally defined as benign bone tumors (BBTs).
  • 720
  • 02 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Natural Polymeric Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery in Osteoarthritis
Natural polymers include several polysaccharides of plant-based origin that are either positively or negatively charged. They may have linear or branched configurations with amine groups that can be protonated under acidic conditions. Their main advantages as drug delivery vehicles are the biodegradable and biocompatible properties, unique chemical variety and presence of adjustable active sites that confer improved physicochemical properties to different biological applications. As opposed to synthetic polymers, natural polymers can have bioactive effects (e.g., anti-inflammatory) in tissues like cartilage, thus holding an intrinsic therapeutical activity apart from the one provided by the encapsulated drugs. In addition, the inherent antioxidant and anticoagulation effects of polysaccharides ensure a low immunogenicity for in vivo applications. The main limitation in the use of natural polymers is the batch-to-batch variation, because they are derived from natural sources that have a less controlled composition.
  • 718
  • 07 Dec 2022
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