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Topic Review
Concept and Development of Ordered Charging
As the scale of electric vehicles continues to expand, the charging load of electric vehicles into the network has become an issue that cannot be ignored. The application architecture of ordered charging is summarized. 
  • 951
  • 12 May 2023
Topic Review
Monitoring of Bone Health
Changing lifestyle and food habits are responsible for health problems, especially those related to bone in an aging population. Poor bone health has now become a serious matter of concern for many of us. In order to avoid serious consequences, the early prediction of symptoms and diagnosis of bone diseases have become the need of the hour. From this inspiration, the evolution of different bone health monitoring techniques and measurement methods practiced by researchers and healthcare companies has been discussed. This paper focuses on various types of bone diseases along with the modeling and remodeling phenomena of bones. The evolution of various diagnosis tests for bone health monitoring has been also discussed. Various types of bone turnover markers, their assessment techniques, and recent developments for the monitoring of biochemical markers to diagnose the bone conditions are highlighted. Then, the paper focuses on the potential assessment of the recent sensing techniques (physical sensors and biosensors) that are currently available for bone health monitoring. Considering the importance of electrochemical biosensors in terms of high sensitivity and reliability, specific attention has been given to the recent development of electrochemical biosensors and significance in real-time monitoring of bone health.
  • 948
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Nationale Plattform Elektromobilität
The German National Platform for Electric Mobility ("Nationale Plattform Elektromobilität") is an advisory council of the German Federal Government for electric vehicle introduction. It consists of the top representatives of industry (10 Members), politics (6), science (3), associations (3) and unions (1). It was officially established on 3 May 2010 during a meeting with German chancellor Angela Merkel. Its task is to push on the National Development Plan for Electric Mobility ("Nationaler Entwicklungsplan Elektromobilität"). The goal for 2020 of the NPE is to develop Germany to the leading supplier and lead market for electric mobility and to gain an employment effect of 30,000 additional jobs.
  • 946
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Detection of Phase/Switch Open-Circuit Faults in Multiphase Drives
Phase open-circuit (OC) failures in multiphase electric ac drives involve OCs in stator phases or in converter-machine connections, and switch/diode OCs are frequently dealt with similarly or identically. Thanks to the phase redundancy of multiphase drives (with more than three phases), their operation can be satisfactorily continued under a certain number of OCs.  Phase/switch OC faults can be regarded as one of the most usual electrical failures in ac drives, and for this reason a significant number of works are focused on the diagnosis of this undesired incident. The detection of OC faults and the identification of the affected phases have typically been mandatory tasks in order to ensure a proper postfault reconfiguration. 
  • 944
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Applications and Challenges of Acoustic Wake-Up Technology
Microsystems with capabilities of acoustic signal perception and recognition are widely used in unattended monitoring applications. In order to realize long-term and large-scale monitoring, microsystems with ultra-low power consumption are always required. Acoustic wake-up is one of the solutions to effectively reduce the power consumption of microsystems, especially for monitoring sparse events.
  • 944
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Smart Grid Cybersecurity
Smart grids involves multiple stakeholders that includes consumers, electric utilities, grid operators, and third-party service providers. Due to involvement of multiple stakeholders, the management of the smart grid data specially from the smart meters becomes a daunting task. For enhanced security and privacy protection of smart meter,proposed framework that provide guidelines for integrating security and privacy across different domain.
  • 942
  • 03 Nov 2021
Topic Review
MEMS Bionic Fish Ear Structure
The sensor is fabricated using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology, and is encapsulated in castor oil, which has an acoustic impedance close to the human body.
  • 942
  • 27 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Electric Vehicle Grand Prix
The Electric Vehicle Grand Prix (stylized as evGrand Prix) is an electric go-kart race held at Purdue University and the Indianapolis Motor Speedway.
  • 939
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Idiot Light
An idiot light, sometimes "tell-tale" or "warning light", is an indicator of malfunction of a system, indicated by a binary (on/off) illuminated light, symbol or text legend. The "idiot light" terminology arises from popular frustration with automakers' use of lights for crucial functions which could previously be monitored by gauges, so a troublesome condition could be detected and corrected early. Such early detection of problems with, for example, engine temperature or oil pressure or charging system operation is not possible via an idiot light, which lights only when a fault has already occurred – thus providing no advance warnings or details of the malfunction's extent. The Hudson automobile company was the first to use lights instead of gauges for oil pressure and the voltmeter, starting in the mid-1930s.
  • 937
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Life Cycle Cost Analysis of Pumping System
The pumping system is a critical component in various industries and consumes 20% of the world’s energy demand, with 25–50% of that energy used in industrial operations. The primary goal for users of pumping systems is to minimise maintenance costs and energy consumption. Life cycle cost (LCC) analysis is a valuable tool for achieving this goal while improving energy efficiency and minimising waste.
  • 936
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Decoupling Recurrent Neural Networks in Training and Testing
Recurrent neural networks (RNN) have been shown to outperform other architectures when processing temporally correlated data, such as from wireless communication signals. However, traditional usage assumes a fixed observation interval during both training and testing despite the sample-by-sample processing capabilities of RNNs. Rather than assuming that the testing and observation intervals are equivalent, the observation intervals can be “decoupled" or set independently. This opens the door for processing variable sequence lengths in inference  by defining a decision criteria. "Decoupling" can potentially reduce training times and will allow for trained networks to be adapted to different applications without retraining -- including applications in which the sequence length of the signal of interest may be unknown. 
  • 934
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Architecture-Level Optimization on Silicon Photomultipliers
Sensors based on single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) are nowadays employed in a wide variety of single-photon counting and fast-timing applications, e.g., high-energy physics; time of flight (TOF) ranging and 3D imaging; Raman spectroscopy; and bio-medicine, including fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy and positron emission tomography (PET), to name a few. SiPMs are the most common sensors in PET applications, where they detect the light produced by the interaction between gamma photons and scintillator crystals. 
  • 933
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Application of Additional Conductive Layers
Polymer composites are at increasingly used as structural materials replacing metal alloys due to their high strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance. The conductivity of epoxy resin, depending on its type, ranges from 10−17 to 10−12 S/cm, so it is classified as an insulator, i.e., a material with a conductivity below 10−12 S/cm, while carbon fiber is about 6 × 102 S/cm, which allows it to be classified as a semiconductor, i.e., a material whose conductivity is between 10−12 and 103 S/cm. The EP/CF composite, on the other hand, has a conductivity of about 10−4–10−2 S/cm, that is, it also classifies as a semiconductor. The methods to improve the conductivity have been categorized into three groups: modification of the matrix with conductive fillers, modification of the composite reinforcement, and addition of layers with increased electrical conductivity to the composite. 
  • 933
  • 19 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Autonomous Navigation of Robots
In the field of artificial intelligence, control systems for mobile robots have undergone significant advancements, particularly within the realm of autonomous learning.
  • 932
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Using STEM to Educate Engineers about Sustainability
Sustainable design means to base design on any systems and methods that can fulfill any of the sustainability goals: reducing waste, recycling plastics, upcycle materials, etc., and having less of an impact on the environment. Therefore, a challenge arises: how to design products based on sustainable design. This research presents a case study, about how students in a university’s design department, used sustainability practices in their projects, to adopt sustainability as a major aspect during the design process of a product. The researchers used STEM methodologies to educate and guide the students to adopt recycling and upcycling practices to design and develop an educational mobile robot for Educational Robotics and Mechatronics applications. Students were encouraged to develop their problem-solving approaches when developing their designed robots, for a mechatronics project given to them. In this way, the researchers fostered the active and motivated participation of students; an increased interest was found related to several factors, including challenge, competition, group participation, and more. 
  • 932
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Deep-Learning-Based Cooperative Spectrum Sensing
With the rapid development in wireless communication and 5G networks, the rapid growth in mobile users has been accompanied by an increasing demand for the electromagnetic spectrum. The birth of cognitive radio and its spectrum-sensing technology provides hope for solving the problem of low utilization of the wireless spectrum.
  • 931
  • 07 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Industrial Microgrids Based on Renewable Energy
Electric microgrids based mainly on renewable energies have seen a big expansion due to the great advantages they present against fossil fuels. Nowadays different governments are becoming aware of the use of environmentally friendly energies, so progressive investment has been granted to the consumers in Spain. It should be noted that in applications using renewable energies, the use of energy storage systems (ESS) has been implemented with the aim of improving the reliability of the system to avoid the intermittent nature of energy generation. Most of these ESS use lithium-ion batteries and sodium–sulfur batteries having high power and energy densities and high efficiency. Many industrial activities are gradually giving an opportunity to this type of MG system of renewable energy (RE) with EES. 
  • 929
  • 11 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Indoor Localization
Indoor localization has become a paramount component across many fields, such as healthcare, security, and retail. These diverse applications require accurate and reliable indoor localization systems to optimize functionality and performance. Outdoor localization systems rely on GPS and Point of Interest (POI) data. POI data is used in many geospatial applications, providing semantic information for places of interest and has many geospatial applications. On the other hand, indoor systems demand specialized techniques that consider the unique characteristics of indoor environments, such as complex building structures, multiple floors, and potential signal interference. In response to these challenges, various approaches were developed to achieve precise geolocation within an indoor setting. These methods include multilateration, weighted centroid, and Grid-based RSS. 
  • 927
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Hydrogels Used in Microbial Electrochemical Technologies
Hydrogel materials have been used extensively in microbial electrochemical technology (MET) and sensor development due to their high biocompatibility and low toxicity. With an increasing demand for sensors across different sectors, it is crucial to understand the current state within the sectors of hydrogel METs and sensors. 
  • 926
  • 19 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Spiking Neural P Systems
Spiking neural P system (SNPS) is a popular parallel distributed computing model. It is inspired by the structure and functioning of spiking neurons. It belongs to the category of neural-like P systems and is well-known as a branch of the third generation neural networks. SNPS and its variants can perform the task of fault diagnosis in power systems efficiently.
  • 923
  • 30 Jun 2021
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