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Topic Review
Derma-Hc
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic cutaneous disorder that is characterized by severe eczematous inflammation, swelling, and lichenification. Activation of T helper (Th)-22 cells by allergens leads to epidermal hyperplasia with hyperkeratosis at the chronic phase of AD. Derma-Hc is composed of five natural herbs with anti-AD effects, such as Astragalus membranaceus BUNGE, Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq., Cryptotympana pustulata Fabr., Angelica sinensis Diels, Arctium lappa L. In this study, the ameliorative effect of Derma-Hc on cutaneous lichenification in 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzne (DNCB)-induced AD was investigated. The dorsal skin of mice was sensitized with DNCB to induce AD-like skin lesions. The dermatitis score and frequency of scratching were evaluated. Thickness of epidermis and dermis was measured by staining with H&E. In addition, infiltration of the mast cell was observed by staining with toluidine blue. Then, desmosomal cadherin, DSC1 was examined by immunofluorescence. Pathological mechanisms involved in lichenification were analyzed in AD-like skin lesions and TNF-α + IFN-γ-treated with human keratinocytes including keratinocyte differentiation genes and JAK1-STAT3 signaling pathway with IL-22 by RT-PCR and western blotting. Topical treatment of Derma-Hc improved AD-like symptoms such as dryness, edema and lichenefication and decreased the number of scratches. Histopathological analysis demonstrated that Derma-Hc significantly inhibited epidermal hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis, and mast cells infiltration. 
  • 883
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Intermittent Explosive Disorder
Intermittent explosive disorder (sometimes abbreviated as IED) is a behavioral disorder characterized by explosive outbursts of anger and/or violence, often to the point of rage, that are disproportionate to the situation at hand (e.g., impulsive shouting, screaming or excessive reprimanding triggered by relatively inconsequential events). Impulsive aggression is not premeditated, and is defined by a disproportionate reaction to any provocation, real or perceived. Some individuals have reported affective changes prior to an outburst, such as tension, mood changes, energy changes, etc. The disorder is currently categorized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) under the "Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders" category. The disorder itself is not easily characterized and often exhibits comorbidity with other mood disorders, particularly bipolar disorder. Individuals diagnosed with IED report their outbursts as being brief (lasting less than an hour), with a variety of bodily symptoms (sweating, stuttering, chest tightness, twitching, palpitations) reported by a third of one sample. Aggressive acts are frequently reported accompanied by a sensation of relief and in some cases pleasure, but often followed by later remorse.
  • 883
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
On Ancient Medicine
The treatise On Ancient Medicine (Greek: Περὶ Ἀρχαίας Ἰατρικῆς; Latin: De vetere medicina) is perhaps the most intriguing and compelling work of the Hippocratic Corpus. The Corpus itself is a collection of about sixty writings covering all areas of medical thought and practice. Traditionally associated with Hippocrates, (c. 460 BC – c. 370 BC) the father of Western medicine, philological evidence now suggests that it was written over a period of several centuries and stylistically seems to indicate that it was the product of many authors dating from about 450-400 B.C.
  • 882
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Adaptive Clinical Trial
An adaptive clinical trial is a dynamic clinical trial that evaluates a medical device or treatment by observing participant outcomes (and possibly other measures, such as side-effects) on a prescribed schedule, and, uniquely, modifying parameters of the trial protocol in accord with those observations. This is in contrast to traditional randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that are static in their protocol and do not modify any parameters until the trial is completed. The adaptation process generally continues throughout the trial, as prescribed in the trial protocol. Adaptions may include modifications to: dosage, sample size, drug undergoing trial, patient selection criteria and/or "cocktail" mix. In some cases, trials have become an ongoing process that regularly adds and drops therapies and patient groups as more information is gained. Importantly, the trial protocol is set before the trial begins which pre-specifies the adaptation schedule and processes.
  • 881
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Osteoarthritis and Treatment
Osteoarthritis (OA) affects one in three people over the age of 65, and it is more common among women than men. This multifactorial disease leads to structural changes of the joint, and it is connected to chronic conditions. OA is characterized by pain, stiffness, and decreased range of motion (ROM). These factors lead to poor quality of life—insomnia, depression, lack of confidence, and limitations in daily activities, work, or hobbies. OA causes very serious problems for patients and significant social and economic costs.
  • 879
  • 24 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Gene Therapy for Choroideremia
Choroideremia (CHM) is an X-linked recessive chorioretinal dystrophy caused by mutations involving the CHM gene. Gene therapy has entered late-phase clinical trials, although there have been variable results.
  • 874
  • 26 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Feeder of Lice
A feeder of lice was a job in interwar and Nazi-occupied Poland, in the city of Lwów at the Institute for Study of Typhus and Virology of Rudolf Weigl (Polish: Instytut Badań nad Tyfusem Plamistym i Wirusami prof. Rudolfa Weigla) in Lwów (Lviv, Ukraine ). It involved serving as a source of blood for lice, a typhus vector, which could then be used to develop vaccines against the disease. Initially begun in 1920 by Weigl, during the German occupation of the city it became the primary means of support and protection for many of the city's Polish intellectuals, including the mathematician Stefan Banach and the poet Zbigniew Herbert. While the profession carried a significant risk of infection, thanks to Weigl's patronage the feeders of lice obtained additional food rations, were protected from being shipped to slave labor in Germany or German concentration camps, and were allowed additional mobility around the occupied city. Typhus research involving human subjects, who were purposely infected with the disease, was also carried out in various Nazi concentration camps, in particular at Buchenwald and Sachsenhausen and to a lesser extent at Auschwitz.
  • 874
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Electronic Patient-Reported Outcomes in Hemodialysis
The success of hemodialysis (HD) treatments has been evaluated using objective measures of analytical parameters, or machine-measured parameters, despite having available validated instruments that assess patient perspective. Patient-reported outcomes (PROMs) and patient-reported experience measures (PREMs) collectively referred to as PROs (patient-related outcomes). Electronic patient-reported outcomes (ePROs) encompass the use of digital technology to provide answers to standardized PRO questionnaires.
  • 873
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Nerve Growth Factor and Autoimmune Diseases
Nerve growth factor (NGF) plays a crucial immunomodulatory role and increased levels are found in numerous tissues during autoimmune states. NGF directly modulates innate and adaptive immune responses of B and T cells and causes the release of neuropeptides and neurotransmitters controlling the immune system activation in inflamed tissues. Evidence suggests that NGF is involved in the pathogenesis of numerous immune diseases including autoimmune thyroiditis, chronic arthritis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, mastocytosis, and chronic granulomatous disease. Furthermore, as NGF levels have been linked to disease severity, it could be considered an optimal early biomarker to identify therapeutic approach efficacy. In conclusion, by gaining insights into how these molecules function and which cells they interact with, future studies can devise targeted therapies to address various neurological, immunological, and other disorders more effectively. This knowledge may pave the way for innovative treatments based on NGF manipulation aimed at improving the quality of life for individuals affected by diseases involving neurotrophins.
  • 872
  • 16 Nov 2023
Topic Review
IgA Nephropathy Treatment Modes
IgA nephropathy is the most common primary glomerulonephritis with potentially serious outcome leading to end stage renal disease in 30 to 50% of patients within 20 to 30 years. Renal biopsy, which might be associated with risks of complications (bleeding and others), still remains the only reliable diagnostic tool for IgA nephropathy. Therefore, the search for non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic markers for detection of subclinical types of IgA nephropathy, evaluation of disease activity, and assessment of treatment effectiveness, is of utmost importance.
  • 871
  • 17 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Peripheral Arterial Disease
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a pathological condition in which the blood supply to peripheral tissues is inadequate as a result of arterial dysfunction. 95% of PAD cases are caused by atherosclerosis, and 5% are due to vasculitis, genetic causes, and consequences of trauma. The main symptom of PAD is intermittent claudication. The most important test for the diagnosis of PAD is the measurement of the ankle-brachial index (ABI), which is the ratio of systolic blood pressure measured at the ankle to systolic blood pressure measured at the upper arm. A value below 0.9 is considered a criterion for the diagnosis of PAD. Due to increased vascular stiffness, PAD may be overstated in patients with diabetes.
  • 868
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension
Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a specific type of pulmonary hypertension (PH) and the major component of Group 4 pulmonary hypertension (PH). 
  • 864
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
mGluR1-PKCγ in the Pathogenesis of Spinocerebellar Ataxias
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a heterogeneous group of autosomal dominantly inherited progressive disorders with degeneration and dysfunction of the cerebellum. The genetic background of SCAs can be classified into two groups: Group I representing repeat expansion SCAs, such as SCA1 and SCA2 which are caused by dynamic repeat expansion mutations, typically polyglutamine repeat expansions, and Group II representing conventional mutation SCAs (non-repeat expansion SCAs), which are caused by nonsense mutations, missense mutations, deletions or insertions, such as SCA5 or SCA14. 
  • 864
  • 14 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Fucosidosis
Fucosidosis is a neurodegenerative disorder which progresses inexorably. Clinical features include coarse facial features, growth retardation, recurrent upper respiratory infections, dysostosis multiplex, and angiokeratoma corporis diffusum.
  • 863
  • 03 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Chronic Urticaria
Urticaria is a condition characterized by the development of itchy wheals (hives). Chronic urticaria (CU) is a condition characterized by the development of itchy wheals (hives), angioedema, or both, with reoccurring symptoms for more than six weeks.
  • 862
  • 11 May 2023
Topic Review
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique considered to be safe, tolerable, and acceptable to use in adults.
  • 860
  • 24 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Pesticides Risks in Africa
On the African continent, ongoing agriculture intensification is accompanied by the increasing use of pesticides, associated with environmental and public health concerns. Agriculture production systems are at the same time under pressure due to climate change, the need to produce about double the amount of food by 2050, and to achieve some of the sustainable development goals (SDGs).
  • 860
  • 16 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Human Placenta Modeling
The human placenta brings the maternal and fetal circulatory systems into contact while keeping them independent, due to its intricate structure and adaptation in pregnancy. The placental barrier, composed essentially of trophoblasts, connective tissue and endothelium, separates the fetal and maternal compartments and is a key structure for this organ’s function. Maternal—fetal exchange takes place in the areas where the barrier is an extremely thin membrane (only 3.5 μm thick). Many of the human placental barrier functions are little understood and more representative models are still needed to better recapitulate the complex architecture and dynamics of the human fetal—placental barrier and provide a more in-depth understanding of the organ’s function.
  • 859
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Congestive Hepatopathy
Liver disease resulting from heart failure (HF) has generally been referred as “cardiac hepatopathy”. One of its main forms is congestive hepatopathy (CH), which results from passive venous congestion in the setting of chronic right-sided HF. The current spectrum of CH differs from earlier reports with HF, due to ischemic cardiomyopathy and congenital heart disease having surpassed rheumatic valvular disease. The chronic passive congestion leads to sinusoidal hypertension, centrilobular fibrosis, and ultimately, cirrhosis (“cardiac cirrhosis”) and hepatocellular carcinoma after several decades of ongoing injury. Contrary to primary liver diseases, in CH, inflammation seems to play no role in the progression of liver fibrosis, bridging fibrosis occurs between central veins to produce a “reversed lobulation” pattern and the performance of non-invasive diagnostic tests of liver fibrosis is poor. Although the clinical picture and prognosis is usually dominated by the underlying heart condition, the improved long-term survival of cardiac patients due to advances in medical and surgical treatments are responsible for the increased number of liver complications in this setting. Eventually, liver disease could become as clinically relevant as cardiac disease and further complicate its management.
  • 857
  • 17 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Gastrointestinal Symptom with COVID-19 Infection
In this highly populated and comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis study, we reported high PPE rates of anorexia, diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, and abdominal pain. The PPE rates of diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, and abdominal pain were significantly higher in non-Chinese studies compared to Chinese studies. We also observed a higher prevalence of GI symptoms for the Chinese studies than what was reported previously. Non-respiratory symptoms including those related to the GI tract should be more carefully evaluated and reported in future studies. 
  • 855
  • 21 Dec 2020
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