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Topic Review
The Role of Buccal Mucosa for Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a heart muscle disease associated with ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD). Pathologically, it is characterized by the gradual degeneration of cardiac myocytes (CMs) and their subsequent replacement by fat and fibrous tissue. The buccal mucosa can aid the diagnosis and understanding of this deadly disease.
  • 660
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Direct Oral Anticoagulants
It is well established that direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are the cornerstone of anticoagulant strategy in atrial fibrillation (AF) and venous thromboembolism (VTE) and should be preferred over vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) since they are superior or non-inferior to VKAs in reducing thromboembolic risk and are associated with a lower risk of intracranial hemorrhage (IH).
  • 659
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Endomyocardial Biopsy in Pediatric Myocarditis and Cardiomyopathies
Endomyocardial biopsy is a well known diagnostic tool for the investigation and treatment of myocardial diseases and so far, remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of myocarditis. Due to its invasively with a complication rate ranging from 1% to 15%, its role in the diagnostic work-out of pediatric heart failure is not well established.
  • 658
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Impact of Iron Metabolism Disorders on Vascular Aging
Vascular aging is a physiological, multifactorial process that involves every type of vessel, from large arteries to microcirculation. This manifests itself as impaired vasomotor function, altered secretory phenotype, deteriorated intercellular transport function, structural remodeling, and aggravated barrier function between the blood and the vascular smooth muscle layer. Iron disorders, particularly iron overload, may lead to oxidative stress and, among other effects, vascular aging. The elevated transferrin saturation and serum iron levels observed in iron overload lead to the formation of a non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI) fraction with high pro-oxidant activity. NTBI can induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which induce lipid peroxidation and mediate iron-related damage as the elements of oxidative stress in many tissues, including heart and vessels’ mitochondria. 
  • 657
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair or Replacement
Transcatheter devices have been developed to repair or replace diseased mitral valves (MV). Transcatheter mitral valve repair (TMVr) devices have been proven to be efficient and safe, but many anatomical structures are not compatible with these technologies.
  • 656
  • 29 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Remote Assisted Cardiac Rehabilitation
Cardiac rehabilitation is an individualized outpatient program of physical exercises and medical education designed to accelerate recovery and improve health status in heart disease patients.  Home-based cardiac rehabilitation is a way for patients to enjoy all the benefits of clinician-supervised cardiac recovery from the comfort of their homes, under medical supervision. In addition, virtual communication, the development of digital modules, and the monitoring of vital signs are all possible with wearable devices. 
  • 655
  • 07 May 2022
Topic Review
Clinical Impact of Anti-Arrhythmic Medications in Atrial Fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation has been described as a global epidemic with a three-fold increase in prevalence in the last 50 years. As the prevalence of atrial fibrillation continues to grow, multiple landmark trials have been designed to determine the best method to treat atrial fibrillation. Initial trials have stated that rate control was not inferior to rhythm control, however, as the efficacy of rhythm control of atrial fibrillation has improved, a benefit in rhythm control has been shown. Because of this trend towards increased rhythm control, more patients have been placed on anti-arrhythmic medications. 
  • 655
  • 20 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Metabolic Exercise Testing in Heart Failure
Heart Failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome that is caused by a structural and/or functional cardiac abnormality and corroborated by elevated natriuretic peptide levels and/or objective evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion. Metabolic exercise testing, also known as cardiopulmonary exercise testing, provides a comprehensive evaluation of the multisystem (i.e., neurological, respiratory, circulatory, and musculoskeletal) response to exercise performance.
  • 655
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Personalized Three-Dimensional Printed Models in Congenital Heart Disease
Patient-specific three-dimensional (3D) printed models have been increasingly used in cardiology and cardiac surgery, in particular, showing great value in the domain of congenital heart disease (CHD). CHD is characterized by complex cardiac anomalies with disease variations between individuals; thus, it is difficult to obtain comprehensive spatial conceptualization of the cardiac structures based on the current imaging visualizations. 3D printed models derived from patient’s cardiac imaging data overcome this limitation by creating personalized 3D heart models, which not only improve spatial visualization, but also assist preoperative planning and simulation of cardiac procedures, serve as a useful tool in medical education and training, and improve doctor–patient communication.
  • 653
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Extracorporeal Mechanical Oxygenation and Drugs
There has been a substantial increase in the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support in critically ill adults. Critically ill patients on ECMO represent a challenging clinical situation to manage pharmacotherapy. Thus, clinicians’ ability to predict PK and PD alterations within this complex clinical context is fundamental to ensure further optimal and, sometimes, individualized therapeutic plans that balance clinical outcomes with the minimum drug adverse events. 
  • 653
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
MINOCA Associated with a Myocardial Bridge
Myocardial bridging (MB) is the most frequent congenital coronary anomaly characterized by a segment of an epicardial coronary artery that passes through the myocardium. MB is an important cause of myocardial ischemia and is also emerging as a possible cause of myocardial infarction with non-obstructed coronary arteries (MINOCA). There are multiple mechanisms underlying MINOCA in patients with MB (i.e., MB-mediated increased risk of epicardial or microvascular coronary spasm, atherosclerotic plaque disruption and spontaneous coronary artery dissection). 
  • 651
  • 13 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance in Hypertensive Heart Disease
Hypertension is one of the most important cardiovascular risk factors, associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Chronic high blood pressure leads to various structural and functional changes in the myocardium. Different sophisticated imaging methods are developed to properly estimate the severity of the disease and to prevent possible complications. Cardiac magnetic resonance can provide a comprehensive assessment of patients with hypertensive heart disease, including accurate and reproducible measurement of left and right ventricle volumes and function, tissue characterization, and scar quantification.
  • 649
  • 11 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Paediatric Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is characterized by restrictive ventricular pathophysiology determined by increased myocardial stiffness. While suspicion of RCM is initially raised by clinical evaluation and supported by electrocardiographic and echocardiographic findings, invasive hemodynamic evaluation is often required for diagnosis and management of patients during follow-up. RCM is commonly associated with a poor prognosis and a high incidence of heart failure, and PH is reported in paediatric patients with RCM. Only a few therapies are available for specific RCM aetiologies. Early referral to centres for advanced heart failure treatment is often necessary.
  • 649
  • 02 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Evaluation
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common inherited cardiac disorder, affecting 1 out of 500 adults globally. It is a widely heterogeneous disorder characterized by a range of phenotypic expressions, and is most often identified by non-invasive imaging that includes echocardiography and cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR). Within the last two decades, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as the defining tool for the characterization and prognostication of cardiomyopathies. With a higher image quality, spatial resolution, and the identification of morphological variants of HCM, CMR has become the gold standard imaging modality in the assessment of HCM. Moreover, it has been crucial in its management, as well as adding prognostic information that clinical history nor other imaging modalities may not provide. 
  • 648
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
An Inherited Cardiomyopathy: Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is an inherited heart muscle disease, which is characterized by fibro-fatty replacement of predominantly the right ventricle (RV). The disease can result in ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.
  • 647
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Origins of Circulating Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins
The role of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) and their remnants in atherosclerosis has come to the forefront in the past decade. Triglycerides (TGs) stand as markers of the remnants of the catabolism of TRLs that tend to contain twice as much cholesterol as compared to LDL. The accumulation of circulating TRLs and their partially lipolyzed derivatives, known as “remnants”, is caused mainly by ineffective triglyceride catabolism. These cholesterol-enriched remnant particles are hypothesized to contribute to atherogenesis. 
  • 644
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
The Effect of Oleanolic Acid
The natural product oleanolic acid (OA: 3b-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid compound. It has been extracted from many species, including Olea europaea. Studies on biological activity have shown that OA has a liver-protective effect, and has been listed as a liver-protective drug in China. OA also has anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-hyperglycemia, anti-hyperlipidemia, cardioprotective, anti-atherosclerotic, and some other pharmacological effects.
  • 644
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Pharmacological Approaches for Managing Hypercholesterolemia
Hypercholesterolemia plays a crucial role in the formation of lipid plaques, particularly with elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) levels, which are linked to increased risks of cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral arterial disease. Controlling blood cholesterol values, specifically reducing LDL-C, is widely recognized as a key modifiable risk factor for decreasing the morbidity and mortality associated with cardiovascular diseases. Historically, statins, by inhibiting the enzyme β-hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG)-CoA reductase, have been among the most effective drugs.
  • 644
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Soluble ST2 Biology
ST2 is a member of the interleukin (IL)-1 receptor family, whose gene is located on human chromosome 2q12. Alternative promoter splicing and 3′ processing of the mRNA are responsible for the production of two different forms: a soluble receptor, named sST2; or a transmembrane receptor, named ST2L. ST2 was first described in 1989.
  • 643
  • 21 Nov 2023
Topic Review
COVID-19 Diagnosis and Coronary Artery Thrombosis
Coronavirus disease 2019 is characterized by its severe respiratory effects. Data early on indicated an increased risk of mortality in patients with cardiovascular comorbidities. Early reports highlighted the multisystem inflammatory syndrome, cytokine storm, and thromboembolic events as part of the disease processes. The role of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is explored in the pathogenesis of the disease. The structure and anatomy of the virus are pivotal to its virulence in comparison to other α and β Coronaviridae (HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, and HCoV-HKU1).  In particular, the host interaction and response may explain the variability of severity in patients. Angio tensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) activation may be implicated in the cardiovascular and throm bogenic potential of the disease. The virus may also have direct effects on the endothelial lining affecting hemostasis and resulting in thrombosis through several mechanisms. 
  • 641
  • 18 Apr 2022
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