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Topic Review
Nutritional Support and Cancer
The role of nutritional support for cancer patients in palliative care is still a controversial topic. In the past, there has been limited collaboration between oncologists, clinical nutrition specialists, and palliative care physicians involved in the care of advanced cancer patients. Collaboration has been made more complex by the fact that, while it is clear what nutritional support is, there is no common or shared definition, not so much of palliative care, but of what constitutes a person who needs palliative care. In fact, there is no consensus in the literature on the definition of the palliative care patient because of the ambiguity in the common use in medicine of the adjective palliative. For many years, efforts have been made to find a screening tool to identify patients in need of palliative care in the hospital setting, as this would be very useful in both Internal Medicine and, in particular, Medical Oncology.
  • 770
  • 07 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Plasma Fatty Acid Patterns
Fatty acids might play a role in asthma and allergy development as they can modulate immune responses. Results from this population-based cohort study among 4260 mother-child pairs showed that a maternal pattern of high n-6 PUFA concentrations in pregnancy was associated with a higher forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity and forced expiratory flow after exhaling 75% of forced vital capacity in the children at the age of 10 years. No associations of maternal fatty acid patterns with a child’s asthma or allergy outcomes were observed.  
  • 769
  • 22 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Native Hypovitaminosis D and CKD
Native hypovitaminosis D (n-hVITD) is frequently found from the early stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its prevalence increases with CKD progression. 
  • 767
  • 02 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Natural Products in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder affecting a vast variety of the population. The onset of RA as well as the development of systematic immunization is affected by both genetic and environmental risk factors. In the antioxidant setting of natural products, RA patients may find the use of natural products beneficial. Although there is conflicting evidence of the role of antioxidants in RA, as this field remains poorly explored, the value of antioxidants in fighting inflammation is well-documented, which explains the fact that the antioxidant properties of natural products are commonly evaluated and usually represent the first step of in vitro evaluation before that of the anti-inflammatory properties.
  • 764
  • 06 May 2022
Topic Review
Caenorhabditis elegans for Screening Probiotics with Antiobesity Properties
Due to the role of gut microbiota in the regulation of lipid, glucose, and insulin homeostasis, probiotics with beneficial properties have emerged as an alternative therapeutic tool to ameliorate metabolic diseases-related disturbances, including fat excess or inflammation. Different strains of bacteria, mainly lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and species from the genus Bifidobacterium, have emerged as potential probiotics due to their anti-obesogenic and/or anti-diabetic properties. However, in vivo studies are needed to demonstrate the mechanisms involved in these probiotic features. In this context, Caenorhabditis elegans has emerged as a very powerful simple in vivo model to study the physiological and molecular effects of probiotics with potential applications regarding the different pathologies of metabolic syndrome.
  • 763
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Osteoporosis after Sleeve Gastrectomy and Roux-En-Y-gastric Bypass
Obesity has become a worldwide epidemic accompanied by adverse health effects. The limited efficiency of traditional weight reduction regimens has led to a substantial increase in the use of bariatric surgery. Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and Roux-en-Y-gastric bypass (RYGB) are the most used procedures. Preoperatively, the dietary habits of obese individuals might lead to deficiencies in vitamin D and other nutrients affecting bone mineral metabolism. Bariatric surgery with SG or RYGB can aggravate these deficiencies. The various surgical procedures appear to affect nutrient absorption differently. Being purely restrictive, SG may particularly affect the absorption of vitamin B12 and also vitamin D. In contrast, RYGB has a more profound impact on the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and other nutrients, although both surgical methods induce only a mild protein deficiency. Despite adequate supplementation of calcium and vitamin D, osteoporosis may still occur after the surgery. This might be due to deficiencies in other micronutrients, e.g., vitamin K and zinc. Regular follow-ups with individual assessments and nutritional advice are indispensable to prevent osteoporosis and other adverse postoperative issues.
  • 760
  • 21 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Sustainable Diets
A calorie-balanced diet mainly based on food of plant origin that would allow the attainment of 60% of daily caloric requirements and a low protein intake from animal foods (focusing in fish and poultry) could significantly reduce global morbi-mortality and the dietary environmental impact maintaining a framework of sustainability conditioned by the consumption of fresh, seasonal, locally produced and minimally packaged products. The implementation of sustainable diets requires working on the triangulation of concepts of food–health–environment from schools and that is permanently reinforced during all stages of the life by healthcare workers, who should establish the appropriate modifications according to the age, gender and health situation. 
  • 759
  • 23 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Milk Origin and Cardiometabolic Health
The whole milk product (and individual milk ingredients) from different species could impact cardiometabolic health.
  • 754
  • 24 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Microbiota in Shaping Women’s Health
A properly colonized human microbiota contributes to the proper functioning of the body. The composition of the natural flora changes depending on age, health, living conditions, and the use of antimicrobial agents: antibiotics, disinfectants, and some cosmetics. The human body is diversely populated with microorganisms and undergoes constant changes under the influence of various factors, and its proper composition is extremely important for the proper functioning of the body.
  • 750
  • 09 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Cognition
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease globally, affecting approximately 25% of the general population. NAFLD occurs in the absence of excessive alcohol consumption and is closely associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components.
  • 749
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Etiopathogenic Factors for Obesity
Obesity is an abnormal or excessive accumulation of fat that represents a health risk, and it is characterized by reaching a body mass index (BMI) equal to or greater than 30 kg/m2. Obesity is a chronic disease of multifactorial etiology that involves an energy imbalance, genetic and epigenetic factors, alterations in glucose and lipid metabolism, disorders of adipose tissue functioning, neuroendocrine dysregulation, and alterations in the intestinal microbiota, among others.
  • 749
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Celiac Disease and the Microbiome
Celiac disease (CD) has most often been perceived as a pediatric condition with a peak incidence in children younger than two years of age. Growing evidence supports the hypothesis that changes in both the composition and function of the intestinal microbiome are associated with a number of chronic inflammatory diseases including CD. 
  • 748
  • 25 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Non-Digestible Oligosaccharides
Emerging antimicrobial resistance in respiratory infections requires novel intervention strategies. Non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDOs) are a diverse group of carbohydrates with broad protective effects. In addition to promoting the colonization of beneficial gut microbiota and maintaining the intestinal homeostasis, NDOs act as decoy receptors, effectively blocking the attachment of pathogens on host cells. NDOs also function as a bacteriostatic agent, inhibiting the growth of specific pathogenic bacteria. Based on this fact, NDOs potentiate the actions of antimicrobial drugs. Therefore, there is an increasing interest in characterizing the anti-infective properties of NDOs.
  • 747
  • 13 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Plant-Based Diets in Black Populations
Plant-based diets are associated with reduced risks of various chronic diseases in the general population. However, it is unclear how these benefits translate to Blacks living in the United States, who are disproportionately burdened with heart disease, cancer, diabetes, obesity, and chronic kidney disease.
  • 746
  • 27 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Dietary Management and Crohn’s Disease
It has been widely endorsed that a multifactorial etiology, including interaction between genetic and environmental factors, can contribute to Crohn’s Disease (CD) pathogenesis. More specifically, diet has proven to be able to shape gut microbiota composition and thus is suspected to play a significant role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis. Moreover, poor nutritional status and growth retardation, arising from several factors such as reduced dietary intake or nutrient leakage from the gastrointestinal tract, represent the hallmarks of pediatric CD. For these reasons, multiple research lines have recently focused on the utilization of dietary therapies for the management of CD, aiming to target concurrently mucosal inflammation, intestinal dysbiosis and optimization of nutritional status. The forerunner of such interventions is represented by exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN), a robustly supported nutritional therapy; however, it is burdened by monotony and low tolerance in the long term. Novel dietary interventions, such as Crohn’s Disease Exclusion Diet or Crohn’s Disease treatment with eating, have shown their efficacy in the induction of remission in pediatric patients with CD.
  • 744
  • 17 May 2021
Topic Review
Snack Bars Enriched with Tilapia
Snack bars (SBs), well-known as cereal bars, have been commonly consumed worldwide because they provide instant energy and are convenient to carry around. SBs moderate direct hunger and influence people’s nutritional status, which is commercially and nutritionally interesting. Most consumers care for their diet and health. Thus, eating SBs can be a source of intake of beneficial nutrients, such as fiber, protein, minerals, and vitamins. SBs are common oat (Avena sativa)-based products, a cereal technological feature that also supplies health benefits and cholesterol-lowering properties associated with β-glucan, a soluble-type dietary fiber. However, oat-based SBs are typically deficient and limited in their amino acid profile, especially in threonine and methionine. This condition can be improved by adding complementary protein sources such as legume or animal proteins (good sources of threonine and methionine), increasing the protein and fiber content and improving the bioactive content in the product.
  • 744
  • 23 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Probiotics in NAFLD
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a broad spectrum of pathological hepatic conditions ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which may predispose to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The pathogenesis of NAFLD is closely related to insulin resistance (IR), adiposity and physical inactivity as well as genetic and epigenetic factors corroborate to the development and progression of hepatic steatosis and liver injury. Emerging evidence has outlined the implication of gut microbiota and gut-derived endotoxins as actively contributors to NAFLD pathophysiology probably due to the tight anatomo-functional crosstalk between the gut and the liver. Obesity, nutrition and environmental factors might alter intestinal permeability producing a favorable micro-environment for bacterial overgrowth, mucosal inflammation and translocation of both invasive pathogens and harmful byproducts, which, in turn, influence hepatic fat composition and exacerbated pro-inflammatory and fibrotic processes.
  • 735
  • 27 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Nutraceuticals for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the severest form of muscular dystrophy, is characterized by progressive muscle weakness with fatal outcomes most often before the fourth decade of life. Despite the recent addition of molecular treatments, DMD remains a disease without a cure, and the need persists for the development of supportive therapies aiming to help improve patients’ quality of life.
  • 734
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Preoperative Fasting
This review and meta-analysis provides rationale for the use of oral carbohydrate loading as preoperative fasting leads to metabolic stress and causes insulin resistance in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.
  • 733
  • 10 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Glutathionylation in Infection and Inflammation
Glutathionylation, that is, the formation of mixed disulfides between protein cysteines and glutathione (GSH) cysteines, is a reversible post-translational modification catalyzed by different cellular oxidoreductases, by which the redox state of the cell modulates protein function. 
  • 730
  • 10 Sep 2021
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