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Topic Review
Amygdalin as a Promising Anticancer Agent
Amygdalin, also known as vitamin B17 (and laetrile, a synthetic compound), is a cyanogenic glycoside compound that is mainly found in the kernels and pulps of fruits. This compound has been proposed for decades as a promising naturally occurring substance which may provide anticancer effects.
  • 439
  • 11 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Sustainable Diets
A calorie-balanced diet mainly based on food of plant origin that would allow the attainment of 60% of daily caloric requirements and a low protein intake from animal foods (focusing in fish and poultry) could significantly reduce global morbi-mortality and the dietary environmental impact maintaining a framework of sustainability conditioned by the consumption of fresh, seasonal, locally produced and minimally packaged products. The implementation of sustainable diets requires working on the triangulation of concepts of food–health–environment from schools and that is permanently reinforced during all stages of the life by healthcare workers, who should establish the appropriate modifications according to the age, gender and health situation. 
  • 437
  • 23 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Parenteral Nutrition in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disease mediated by the immune system and characterized by the inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The use of parenteral nutrition (PN) can affect the adult population diagnosed with IBD. 
  • 436
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Preoperative Fasting
This review and meta-analysis provides rationale for the use of oral carbohydrate loading as preoperative fasting leads to metabolic stress and causes insulin resistance in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.
  • 435
  • 10 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Vegan Diet and Type2 Diabetes
An association between a vegan diet and a reduced risk of total cancer incidence has been demonstrated in large prospective cohort studies, but its impact in diabetes mellitus (DM) is still under debate. As diet and lifestyle are the fundamental pillars of DM prevention and therapy and plant-based diets (PBD) are considered an example of healthful eating patterns and are recommended for individuals with DM, we may also expect some beneficial effects in the case of the vegan diet.
  • 435
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Characteristics and General Classification of Gastric Cancer
Gastric tumors have been divided based on their location—cardiac and distal. The former refers to the small paracardial area, while the latter refers to the rest of it. The most popular classification in terms of histology is the Laurén classification, which distinguishes between two types of gastric cancer (GC)—intestinal and diffuse. The first GC subtype is often associated with Helicobacter Pylori and lifestyle, which includes a high intake of table salt and alcohol, a low supply of fruits and vegetables, or smoking. It is estimated that about 15–20% of tumors do not fall under Laurén’s classification and are, therefore, considered intermediate tumors. Clinically, GC can also be divided according to its early or advanced stage. Early gastric cancers refer to small tumors (2–5 cm) that take the form of invasive carcinoma of the gastric mucosa or submucosa. Detection of lesions at their early stage is associated with relatively good survival.
  • 435
  • 03 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Dietary Effects of Anthocyanins in Human Health
The consumption of natural-based foods, including beans, fruits, legumes, nuts, oils, vegetables, spices, and whole grains, has been encouraged. This fact is essentially due to their content in bioactive phytochemicals, with the phenolic compounds standing out. Among them, anthocyanins have been a target of many studies due to the presence of catechol, pyrogallol, and methoxy groups in their chemical structure, which confer notable scavenging, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory activities, being already recommended as supplementation to mitigate or even attenuate certain disorders, such as diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular and neurological pathologies. The most well-known anthocyanins are cyanidin 3-O-glucoside and cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside. They are widespread in nature, being present in considerable amounts in red fruits and red vegetables.
  • 433
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Lipid-Based Antioxidant Systems in Photoreceptors and RPE Cells
The retina, a multi-layered nervous structure in the back of the eye, detects light stimuli via specialised primary sensory neurons, named after their morphologies as retinal rods and cones. Rods and cones in vitro may retain their ability to respond to light for several hours by generating an electrical response. However, their viability and long-term operation require the functional interaction with retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and a vascular system with peculiar features, the choroidal capillaries (ChC), whose specific form and shape support its function.
  • 432
  • 20 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Lycopene Metabolism, Bioavailability and Immunomodulatory Effects
Lycopene is a carotenoid found commonly in fruits and vegetables such as tomatoes, pink grapefruit and watermelons with non-provitamin A activity. It is the compound responsible for the red coloration of the fruits. It shares the same molecular mass and chemical formula with beta-carotene, but lycopene is an open-polyene chain which lacks the β-ionone ring structure found in beta-carotene. 
  • 431
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms of IL18 in Disease
Interleukin 18 (IL18) was originally identified as an inflammation-induced cytokine that is secreted by immune cells. An increasing number of studies have focused on its non-immunological functions, with demonstrated functions for IL18 in energy homeostasis and neural stability. IL18 is reportedly required for lipid metabolism in the liver and brown adipose tissue. Furthermore, IL18 (Il18) deficiency in mice leads to mitochondrial dysfunction in hippocampal cells, resulting in depressive-like symptoms and cognitive impairment. 
  • 429
  • 20 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Celiac Disease and the Microbiome
Celiac disease (CD) has most often been perceived as a pediatric condition with a peak incidence in children younger than two years of age. Growing evidence supports the hypothesis that changes in both the composition and function of the intestinal microbiome are associated with a number of chronic inflammatory diseases including CD. 
  • 428
  • 25 Aug 2021
Topic Review
DHA and AA in Neuronal Development and Function
The role of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) in neurogenesis and brain development throughout the life cycle is fundamental. DHA and AA are long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) vital for many human physiological processes, such as signaling pathways, gene expression, structure and function of membranes, among others. DHA and AA can modulate neuronal function by influencing: (i) the physical properties of neuronal membranes by modulating ion channels and vesicular transport for endo/exocytosis of membrane-bound proteins; (ii) signal transduction, by modulating G protein-mediated second messenger systems; and (iii) gene expression, through direct binding to transcription factors or through the regulation of signaling cascades by eicosanoids derived from AA and DHA-derived docosanoids. In this sense, DHA and AA are crucial for the metabolism, growth, and differentiation of neurons.
  • 428
  • 11 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Flavonoids Modulations in TNBC
Triple- negative breast cancer (TNBC) incidence rate has regularly risen over the last decades and is expected to increase in the future. Finding novel treatment options with minimum or no toxicity is of great importance in treating or preventing TNBC. Flavonoids are new attractive molecules that might fulfill this promising therapeutic option. Flavonoids have shown many biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. In addition to their anticancer effects by arresting the cell cycle, inducing apoptosis, and suppressing cancer cell proliferation, flavonoids can modulate non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) function. Several preclinical and epidemiological studies indicate the possible therapeutic potential of these compounds. Flavonoids display a unique ability to change miRNAs’ levels via different mechanisms, either by suppressing oncogenic miRNAs or activating oncosuppressor miRNAs or affecting transcriptional, epigenetic miRNA processing in TNBC. Flavonoids are not only involved in the regulation of miRNA-mediated cancer initiation, growth, proliferation, differentiation, invasion, metastasis, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), but also control miRNAs-mediated biological processes that significantly impact TNBC, such as cell cycle, immune system, mitochondrial dysregulation, modulating signaling pathways, inflammation, and angiogenesis. 
  • 426
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Factors of Metabolically Healthy Obesity in Asia
Obesity is a chronic, progressive disease of caloric energy storage that manifests as excess visceral or subcutaneous lipid deposition. A systemic condition, surplus adipose tissue generates inflammation through secretion of cytokines while the neuroendocrine and metabolic energy balance systems resist loss of stored fat as a conserved survival mechanism. Thus, obesity is not disease of storage, but a metabolic condition that resets energy homeostasis and inflicts gradual damage to the cardiopulmonary and glucose management systems. Obesity without this concomitantly increased cardiopulmonary risk is termed metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) while metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUHO) represents the endpoint of obesogenesis, but increases in cardiovascular, cancer, and all-cause mortality.
  • 422
  • 26 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Cultured Cells Exposed to Oxidative Stress
In 1972, Brunk and Ericsson found that significant amounts of lysosomal acid phosphatases leak through the ultrastructurally intact lysosomal membrane in cultured glioma cells. Subsequently, Brunk and his colleagues established the concept of lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) in a series of works using cultured cells which were exposed to artificial oxidative stress. 
  • 421
  • 06 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Diet in Autosomal Polycystic Kidney Disease
Autosomal polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common inherited kidney disease and is characterized by a gradual and slow formation and growth of kidney cysts leading to end-stage kidney disease. Dietary interventions are a fundamental part of chronic kidney disease (CKD) treatment, demonstrated by their impact on slowing the progression of CKD and reducing the accumulation of metabolic products, helping in lowering symptoms of uremia and metabolic acidosis and lowering phosphate levels. Among the dietary regimens, plant-based diets and dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) may be beneficial in slowing CKD progression with their low sodium, saturated fat, phosphate apport, and high fiber intake. In addition, plant-based regimens are alkaline-forming, helping in the reduction of acidosis condition in advanced chronic kidney disease. Similarly, the Mediterranean diet is advantageous in slowing kidney damage progression and cardiovascular disease thanks to the reduction in oxidative stress.
  • 418
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Role of Nut/Seed Consumption in Colorectal Cancer
Diet is an important factor that influences the incidence of colorectal cancer, with red meat consumption in particular being associated with a higher risk of colorectal cancer, while higher consumption of fruits and vegetables, as seen in the Mediterranean diet, seems to have protective effects. Among the food categories, nuts and seeds boast numerous beneficial effects for cardiovascular health and metabolic balance and they contain a plethora of phytochemicals and antioxidants.
  • 417
  • 19 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Potential Beneficial Effects of Dietary Supplements against COVID-19
Diet and dietary supplements aim to add trace elements, vitamins, and minerals to the body to improve human health and boost the immune system. In the peculiar circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic, in combination with disease prevention techniques, the strengthening of the immune system is considered particularly important to enable it to effectively respond to and eliminate the SARS-CoV-2 viral pathogen in the event of infection. 
  • 417
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Anti-Inflammatory Diet in Modulating Gut Microbiota
Obesity has consistently been associated with an increased risk of metabolic abnormalities such as diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and cardiovascular diseases, as well as the development of several types of cancer. Unfortunately, the rate of overweight/obesity has increased significantly among adults and children. A growing body of evidence shows that there is a relationship between metabolic disorders such as obesity and the composition of the gut microbiota. Additionally, inflammation is considered to be a driving force in the obesity–gut microbiota connection. Therefore, it seems that anti-inflammatory nutrients, foods, and/or diets can play an essential role in the management of obesity by affecting the intestinal flora and controlling inflammatory responses.
  • 413
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Effects of Antioxidant Intake on Maternal/Neonatal Health
During pregnancy, cycles of hypoxia and oxidative stress play a key role in the proper development of the fetus. Hypoxia during the first weeks is crucial for placental development, while the increase in oxygen due to the influx of maternal blood stimulates endothelial growth and angiogenesis. However, an imbalance in the number of oxidative molecules due to endogenous or exogenous factors can overwhelm defense systems and lead to excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Many pregnancy complications, generated by systemic inflammation and placental vasoconstriction, such as preeclampsia (PE), fetal growth restriction (FGR) and preterm birth (PTB), are related to this increase of ROS.
  • 412
  • 30 Mar 2022
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