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Topic Review
Control Strategies of the Major Soilborne Fungal/Oomycete Diseases
Globally, tomato is the second most cultivated vegetable crop next to potato, preferentially grown in temperate climates. Processing tomatoes are generally produced in field conditions, in which soilborne pathogens have serious impacts on tomato yield and quality by causing diseases of the tomato root system. Major processing tomato-producing countries have documented soilborne diseases caused by a variety of pathogens including bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and oomycetes, which are of economic importance and may threaten food security. Surveys in the Australian processing tomato industry showed that plant growth and yield were significantly affected by soilborne pathogens, especially Fusarium oxysporum and Pythium species. Globally, different management methods have been used to control diseases such as the use of resistant tomato cultivars, the application of fungicides, and biological control. Among these methods, biocontrol has received increasing attention due to its high efficiency, target-specificity, sustainability and public acceptance. The application of biocontrol is a mix of different strategies, such as applying antagonistic microorganisms to the field, and using the beneficial metabolites synthesized by these microorganisms. 
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Ribbon Seal
The Ribbon Seal (Histriophoca fasciata) (Figure 1) is a striking marine mammal known for its distinctive ribbon-like markings and elegant appearance. Found primarily in the cold waters of the North Pacific Ocean, this species is characterized by its sleek black fur with white bands or "ribbons" encircling its body. Despite its elusive nature, the Ribbon Seal plays a vital role in marine ecosystems as a top predator, feeding primarily on fish and crustaceans.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Methods for Monitoring Udder Health and Milk Quality
To maximize milk production, efficiency, and profits, modern dairy cows are genetically selected and bred to produce more and more milk and are fed copious quantities of high-energy feed to support ever-increasing milk volumes. As demands for increased milk yield and milking efficiency continue to rise to provide for the growing world population, more significant stress is placed on the dairy cow’s productive capacity. In this climate, which is becoming increasingly hotter, millions of people depend on the capacity of cattle to respond to new environments and to cope with temperature shocks as well as additional stress factors such as solar radiation, animal crowding, insect pests, and poor ventilation, which are often associated with an increased risk of mastitis, resulting in lower milk quality and reduced production. 
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
SARS-CoV2 Spike Protein
The SARS-CoV2 Spike protein protrudes from the surface of the virus where it plays a critical role in mediating attachment and entry into target human cells. Mutations in Spike have been implicated in the evolution of highly transmissible variants that have led to increased cases of COVID-19. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 has been identified as the Spike receptor on target cells. Additional Spike binding sites on target cells, including heparan sulfate, have been shown to contribute to Spike-mediated SARS-CoV2 cell infection. It will be critical to define the molecular mechanisms used by Spike in order to design effective therapies to combat current and future variants of SARS-CoV2. 
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Bread wheat grain yield
Bread wheat is one of the most important cereals for food and feed and also one of the crops most affected by environmental changes. With the increasing frequency of extreme heat events become urgent to acquire a deeper understanding of their effects in wheat grain yield and nutritional parameters, such as protein content. The assessment of these parameters in distinct wheat varieties will enrich breeding programs contributing to assure food security. Comparative analysis of grains from control and treated plants disclosed intervarietal diversity in high temperature response regarding grain number, weight and macro components, such as protein. Moreover, both analyses showed that the intervarietal diversity observed in control conditions was significantly reduced in HT treated plants. 
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Wild Boar Hunting Methods
High wild boar population densities lead to demands for a population reduction to avoid crop damages or epidemic diseases. Along with biological studies, a better understanding of the human influence on wildlife and on wildlife management is important. We conducted inquiries on hunting methods and on hunters’ attitudes in the Federal State of Lower Saxony, Germany, to better understand hunting strategies and the influence on increasing wild boar population, as well as to underpin game management concepts. Single hunt, especially at bait, is still the most widely used method for hunting wild boar. The proportion of drive hunts within the hunting bag is increasing. The proportions of hunting methods vary regionally due to wild boar densities, geographical features (vegetation, terrain, etc.) and hunters’ practices. Hunters increased the proportion of conjoint hunts on wild boar. Baiting remains an important hunting method in wild boar management and the proportion of drive hunts should be fostered. Private hunting is important for wild boar management, although it is just insufficient. Additionally, administrative wildlife managers are recommended for the near future as coordinators of wild boar management, and as such, could manage hunting, the incorporation of regional conditions and investigating hunters’ attitudes and abilities. 
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Forage Nutritive Value
Forage nutritive value is generally analyzed by relating the attributes of nutritive value to plant phenology in order to predict the decline of these attributes with plant age. A more functional analysis is based on the assumption that above ground plant mass (W) is composed of two compartments: (i) the metabolic compartment (Wm) 18 associated with plant growth processes scaling with leaf area and having high N concentration (%N) and digestibility (%D); and (ii) the structural compartment (Ws) associated with the architectural plant development scaling with plant height and thickness and having low %N and %D. If we postulate that Wm is allometrically related to W, the ontogenetic decline of both %N and %D as plant gets bigger and forage mass increases can be explained and described. The theoretical framework developed in this review allows the expression of a mechanistic link between the increase in plant size and the decrease of both forage crude protein concentration and digestibility linking forage production and forage nutritive value dynamics within the same functional approach for a better understanding of genotype-environment-management interactions.
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Behavior Monitoring of Crustacean Aquaculture
Automatic behavior monitoring, also called automated analytics or automated reporting, is the ability of an analytics platform to auto-detect relevant insights—anomalies, trends, patterns—and deliver them to users in real time, without users having to manually explore their data to find the answers they need. An analytics platform with automated behavior monitoring uses algorithms to auto-analyze datasets to search for notable changes in data. 
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Precision Livestock Farming Systems and Dairy Animals Improvement
Precision livestock farming (PLF) technologies have been developed with the intention to improve farm management and minimize aversive handling practices. Precision livestock farming systems could serve as useful support tools for the farmer’s decision making and improve the sustainability and competitiveness of dairy farms through the implementation of automated procedures that minimize the labour demand, animal disturbances and environmental impact.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Hooded Seal
The Hooded Seal (Cystophora cristata) is a distinctive marine mammal known for the inflatable, hood-like structure on the males' heads, which they use during courtship displays. Found primarily in the icy waters of the North Atlantic Ocean, these seals are characterized by their silver-gray fur and robust, torpedo-shaped bodies. Hooded Seals are notable for their impressive diving abilities, with individuals capable of descending to depths of over 1,000 meters (3,300 feet) in search of prey.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Evaluation of Fermented Oat as Food Ingredients
This entry describes a study verified the safety of fermented oat (Avena sativa) when used in a dog food as part of the effort toward discovering suitable nutritionally excellent and functional food materials.
  • 1.3K
  • 05 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Evapotranspiration Measurement
Detailed knowledge of energy and mass fluxes between land and the atmosphere are necessary to monitor the climate of the land and effectively exploit it in growing agricultural commodities. One of the important surface land fluxes is evapotranspiration, which combines the process of evaporation from the soil and that of transpiration from plants, describing the movement of water vapour from the land to the atmosphere. Accurately estimating evapotranspiration in agricultural systems is of high importance for efficient use of water resources and precise irrigation scheduling operations that will lead to improved water use efficiency. 
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Biomarkers of Stress in Different Animal Species
When studying stress in animals, it is important to understand the types of stress and their classification, and how to assess the stress levels in different animal species using different matrices accurately and precisely. Among biomarkers, it is crucial to always identify the reliable ones depending on the applicability of the sample, as the markers must be highly correlated with the specific pathophysiological aspects of the particular stress. 
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Machine Vision Techniques in Agriculture
Introducing machine vision-based automation to the agricultural sector is essential to meet the food demand of a rapidly growing population. Furthermore, extensive labor and time are required in agriculture; hence, agriculture automation is a major concern and an emerging subject. Machine vision-based automation can improve productivity and quality by reducing errors and adding flexibility to the work process. Primarily, machine vision technology has been used to develop crop production systems by detecting stresses and diseases more efficiently.
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Higher Plants and Macro-Fungi
The Kingdom of Plantae is considered the main source of human food, and includes several edible and medicinal plants, whereas mushrooms belong to the Kingdom of fungi. Higher plants and macro-fungi (mushrooms) are important species, which have many common attributes (e.g., the nutritional and medicinal ones), although they have many differences. Higher plants can form their own food (which contains chlorophyll as autotrophic) from sunlight, water, and CO2, whereas mushrooms as saprophytes can biodegrade dead organic matter by extracting enzymes. Fungi are considered, in general, decomposers, pathogens, parasites, or mutualists. There are a lot of similar characteristics between mushrooms and higher plants, but there are also many differences among them, especially from the human health point of view. 
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
The Viscum Species for Diet and Medicinal Purposes
True mistletoe (of the Viscum species) is a semi-parasitic, perennial browse species that is found attached to its host—a shrub or a tree. It has important pharmaceutical and chemical properties that allow it to be used for a variety of purposes, including livestock production. 
  • 1.3K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Biochar
Biochar, a carbon-rich material, is a by-product of pyrolysis (a thermo-chemical reaction in oxygen-depleted or oxygen-limited atmospheres). [1][2][3]
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Parent Origin and Wolves' Conflict
We researched whether the behavior of young migrating wolves (loners), after they leave the pack, resembles parent pack (PP) behavior. Fourteen loners entering the Netherlands could be identified and genetically linked to their PPs. Like their PPs, some young wolves killed sheep and were near humans, others killed sheep and did not approach humans, while two loners were unproblematic, they did not kill sheep nor were they in proximity to humans. Thus, the PP behavior did predict loner’s behavior and human-wildlife conflicts may be similar between young wolves and their PPs. However, conflicts need not arise. To achieve that, new prevention methods are proposed to teach wolves in the PP not to approach sheep and humans. As a result, new generations may not be problematic when leaving the PP.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Jul 2021
Topic Review
CRLF1 and CLCF1
Cytokines and their receptors have a vital function in regulating various processes such as immune function, inflammation, haematopoiesis, cell growth and differentiation. The interaction between a cytokine and its specific receptor triggers intracellular signalling cascades that lead to altered gene expression in the target cell and consequent changes in its proliferation, differentiation, or activation.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Heat Stress on Meat Quality Status
Heat stress is one of the most stressful events in livestock life, negatively impacting animal health, productivity, and product quality. 
  • 1.3K
  • 08 May 2023
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