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Topic Review
Moderator Band-Related Arrhythmias
The moderator band (MB) is an intracavitary structure of the right ventricle composed of muscular fibers encompassing specialized Purkinje fibers, separated each other by collagen and adipose tissue. Premature ventricular complexes originating within the Purkinje network have been implicated in the genesis of life-threatening arrhythmias. However, right Purkinje network arrhythmias have been much less reported in the literature compared to the left counterpart. The MB has unique anatomical and electrophysiological properties, which may account for its arrhythmogenicity and may be responsible for a significant portion of idiopathic ventricular fibrillation.
  • 756
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Calcification
Cardiac calcifications are generally asymptomatic findings frequently encountered on routine echocardiographic examination or CT scanning. The sites affected most often are the aortic valve (prevalence about 24%) and the mitral annulus (prevalence 8- 15%). The recognition of even small calcium deposits on valves and other cardiac structures is clinically relevant, both as a marker of systemic atherosclerosis and as a predictor of future cardiovascular events. The detection of cardiac calcifications by ultrasound is a promising tool for identifying subclinical atherosclerosis and thus improving risk stratification in asymptomatic subjects.
  • 755
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
CFD Analysis in LAA Thrombus Formation Risk
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common cardiac arrhythmia characterized by irregular and rapid electrical activity in the atria, leading to ineffective contraction and poor blood flow. More than 90% of the left atrial (LA) thrombi that cause thromboembolic events during atrial fibrillation (AF) develop in the left atrial appendage (LAA). Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis can be used to better understand the risk of thrombus formation and subsequent embolic events. 
  • 754
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
The Right Ventricle in COVID-19 Patients
Cardiac involvement has been described during the course of SARS-CoV-2 disease (COVID-19), with different manifestations. Several series have reported only increased cardiac troponin without ventricular dysfunction, others the acute development of left or right ventricular dysfunction, and others myocarditis. 
  • 753
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
Management of Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a growing disorder affecting thousands of people worldwide, especially in industrialised countries, increasing mortality. Oxidative stress, hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance, inflammation, dysbiosis, abdominal obesity, atherogenic dyslipidaemia and hypertension are important factors linked to MS clusters of different pathologies, such as diabesity, cardiovascular diseases and neurological disorders. All biochemical changes observed in MS, such as dysregulation in the glucose and lipid metabolism, immune response, endothelial cell function and intestinal microbiota, promote pathological bridges between metabolic syndrome, diabesity and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. 
  • 753
  • 15 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Genetic Predisposition and Inflammatory Inhibitors in COVID-19
Genetic predisposition, as in other inflammatory diseases, might be responsible for alterations in the clinical course of COVID-19 patients through polymorphisms in crucial genes such as ACE2 and MHC class I. Components of the immune response to the virus appear to be primarily related to disease severity, whereas genes related to the binding of the ACE2 cell surface—the entry point for SARS-CoV-2—during the early stages of infection appear to be largely responsible for the varying susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. Inflammatory inhibitors are at the forefront of pharmacological management in COVID-19, although their potential has not been fully elucidated till now. The above mentioned would have a potentially large impact on targeted medicines and, more critically, vaccine development.
  • 752
  • 17 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement
The transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) is performed through the implantation of either an aortic or mitral transcatheter heart valve (THV) in the mitral position. Although not specifically designed for the mitral position, the aortic THV has been successfully employed in patients with failed bioprostheses (mitral valve-in-valve (MViV)), failed prosthetic rings and bands (mitral valve-in-ring (MViR)) and native calcified valves (valve in mitral annular calcification (ViMAC)). On the other hand, newer TMVR devices with mitral THVs have primarily been used for native noncalcified mitral valves. 
  • 752
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Influence of Vitamin D Levels on Atrial Fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a severe and most common supraventricular arrhythmia in humans, which, if left untreated or treated ineffectively, can lead to ischemic stroke or heart failure. It has been suggested that serum vitamin D (VitD) deficiency may be one of the critical factors influencing the onset of AF, especially in the period after cardiac surgery, such as coronary artery bypass grafting. Several papers have indicated that VitD supplementation reduces the risk of AF, significantly reducing the proportion of patients between the control and study groups in both the pre- and postoperative periods. Factors that increase the risk of AF from VitD deficiency are also further indicated, and these are age, gender, weight, season or comorbidities.
  • 750
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Calcium in Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is an inherited heart disease characterized by sudden death in young people and featured by fibro-adipose myocardium replacement, malignant arrhythmias, and heart failure. The Ca2+ toolkit is heavily remodeled in cardiomyocytes derived from a mouse model of ACM defective of the desmosomal protein plakophilin-2. Furthermore, ACM-related mutations were found in genes encoding for proteins involved in excitation‒contraction coupling, e.g., type 2 ryanodine receptor and phospholamban. 
  • 749
  • 15 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Physiopathology of Post-Cardiac Arrest
Cardiac arrest is an important public health issue, with a survival rate of approximately 15 to 22%. A great proportion of these deaths occur after resuscitation due to post-cardiac arrest syndrome, which is characterized by the ischemia-reperfusion injury that affects the role body. post-cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS) is a complex and critical issue that was first described in the 1950s. Understanding the pathophysiology of the ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury that occurs in PCAS may elucidate therapeutic targets.
  • 749
  • 11 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Artery Stenosis and Vasospastic Angina
Vasospastic angina (VA) is caused by focal or diffuse spasm of an epicardial coronary artery, resulting in severe obstruction of the coronary artery lumen and myocardial ischemia. Vasospasm can occur in an angiographically normal coronary artery, but may also occur at the site of an existing organic atherosclerotic stenosis. Stable atherosclerotic plaques are rarely fatal, but can interfere with coronary blood flow and lead to stable angina. However, it has been suggested that vasospasm is associated with endothelial damage and subsequent atheroma rupture. Considering that acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is almost always caused by luminal thrombus or sudden plaque rupture applied to organic atherosclerotic plaques, coronary vasospasm can induce the rupture of a stable atheroma, which could lead to myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death.
  • 748
  • 08 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Heart Failure after Aortic Valve Replacement
Severe aortic stenosis (AS) carries a poor prognosis with the onset of heart failure (HF) symptoms, and surgical or transcatheter aortic valve replacement (AVR) is its only definitive treatment. The management of AS has seen a paradigm shift with the adoption of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), allowing for the treatment of AS in patients who would not otherwise be candidates for surgical AVR.
  • 747
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Aortic and Visceral Aneurysms
Aortic and visceral aneurysms affect large arterial vessels, including the thoracic and abdominal aorta, as well as visceral arterial branches, such as the splenic, hepatic, and mesenteric arteries, respectively. 
  • 746
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Heart Failure in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Patients with heart failure (HF) and associated chronic kidney disease (CKD) are a population less represented in clinical trials; additionally, subjects with more severe estimated glomerular filtration rate reduction are often excluded from large studies. In this setting, most of the data come from post hoc analyses and retrospective studies. Accordingly, in patients with advanced CKD, there are no specific studies evaluating the long-term effects of the traditional drugs commonly administered in HF. 
  • 745
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Cardioprotective Strategies from Cardiotoxicity in Cancer Patients
Cardiotoxicity is a significant complication of chemotherapeutic agents in cancer patients. Cardiovascular incidents including LV dysfunction, heart failure (HF), severe arrhythmias, arterial hypertension, and death are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Risk stratification of cancer patients prior to initiation of chemotherapy is crucial, especially in high-risk patients for cardiotoxicity. The early identification and management of potential risk factors for cardiovascular side effects seems to contribute to the prevention or minimization of cardiotoxicity. Screening of cancer patients includes biomarkers such as cTnI and natriuretic peptide and imaging measurements such as LV function, global longitudinal strain, and cardiac MRI. Cardioprotective strategies for either primary or secondary prevention include medical therapy such as ACE inhibitors, ARBs, b-blockers, aldosterone antagonists, statins and dexrazoxane, physical therapy, and reduction of chemotherapeutic dosages. However, data regarding dosages, duration of medical therapy, and potential interactions with chemotherapeutic agents are still limited. Collaboration among oncologists, cardiologists, and cardio-oncologists could establish management cardioprotective strategies and approved follow-up protocols in patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy.
  • 744
  • 25 Aug 2022
Topic Review
The Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial inflammatory pathology that involves metabolic processes. Improvements in therapy have drastically reduced the prognosis of cardiovascular disease. Nevertheless, a significant residual risk is still relevant, and is related to unmet therapeutic targets. Endothelial dysfunction and lipid infiltration are the primary causes of atherosclerotic plaque progression. In this contest, mitochondrial dysfunction can affect arterial wall cells, in particular macrophages, smooth muscle cells, lymphocytes, and endothelial cells, causing an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and intracellular lipid deposition. 
  • 742
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Ventricular Arrhythmias in Left Ventricular Assist Device Patient
Left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) are used in the treatment of advanced left ventricular heart failure. LVAD can serve as a bridge to orthotopic heart transplantation or as a destination therapy in cases where orthotopic heart transplantation is contraindicated. Ventricular arrhythmias are frequently observed in patients with LVAD. 
  • 740
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
NLRP3 Inflammasome in Vascular Disease and Pharmacological Opportunities
The NLRP3 inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that assembles to engage the innate immune defense by processing the maturation of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. Substantial evidence has positioned the NLRP3 inflammasome at the center of vascular disease progression, with a particular significance in the context of aging and the low-grade chronic inflammation associated (inflammaging). Therefore, pharmacological blockade of the NLRP3 inflammasome and its end products has arisen as an extremely promising tool to battle vascular disease. 
  • 738
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Long Non-Coding Ribonucleic Acids Implicated in Plaque Instability
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) represent an important class of molecules that are implicated in epigenetic control of numerous cellular processes. Atherosclerotic plaque represents a dynamic environment where the interplay between various cell types, including endothelial cells, immune cells, and VSMCs, governs the plaque phenotype and its vulnerability. The specific roles of nuclear lncRNAs in regulating gene expression and cellular processes associated with plaque instability, providing a comprehensive understanding of their contributions to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
  • 738
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Relationship between NAFLD and Arterial Hypertension
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and arterial hypertension (AH) are widespread noncommunicable diseases in the global population. Since hypertension and NAFLD are diseases associated with metabolic syndrome, they are often comorbid. In fact, many contemporary published studies confirm the association of these diseases with each other, regardless of whether other metabolic factors, such as obesity, dyslipidemia, and type 2 diabetes mellites, are present.
  • 736
  • 13 Sep 2023
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