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Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence Approach of Hosting Capacity Analysis
Distribution network operators face technical and operational challenges in integrating the increasing number of distributed energy resources (DER) with the distribution network. The hosting capacity analysis quantifies the level of DER penetration on the network without violating power supply qualities, such as over voltage, under voltage, transformer and feeder overloading, and protection failures that may be caused due to the high penetration of the DER. Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques could be a useful tool for quantifying the hosting capacity of the network, real-time monitoring of the DER and network parameters and ensuring quality power supply to the consumers.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Fault-Tolerant Design Approach Based on Approximate Computing
Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) has been traditionally used to ensure complete tolerance to a single fault(s) or a faulty processing unit, where the processing unit may be a circuit or a system. However, TMR incurs more than 200% overhead in terms of area and power compared to a single processing unit. Hence, alternative redundancy approaches were proposed in the literature to mitigate the design overheads associated with TMR, but they provide only partial or moderate fault tolerance. This research presents a new fault-tolerant design approach based on approximate computing called FAC that has the same fault tolerance as TMR and achieves significant reductions in the design metrics for physical implementation. FAC is ideally suited for error-tolerant applications, for example, digital image/video/audio processing. The performance of TMR and FAC has been evaluated for a digital image processing application. The image processing results obtained confirm the usefulness of FAC. When an example processing unit is implemented using a 28-nm CMOS technology, FAC achieves a 15.3% reduction in delay, a 19.5% reduction in area, and a 24.7% reduction in power compared to TMR.  
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Transactive Energy
Transactive energy is a highly effective technique for peers to exchange and trade energy resources. Several interconnected blocks, such as generation businesses, prosumers, the energy market, energy service providers, transmission and distribution networks, and so on, make up a transactive energy framework.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Tactile and Force Sensors for Human–Machine Interaction
Human–Machine Interface (HMI) plays a key role in the interaction between people and machines, which allows people to easily and intuitively control the machine and immersively experience the virtual world of the meta-universe by virtual reality/augmented reality (VR/AR) technology. Wearable skin-integrated tactile and force sensors are widely used in immersive human–machine interactions due to their ultra-thin, ultra-soft, conformal characteristics. 
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Distance Estimation Approach for Maritime Traffic Surveillance
Maritime traffic monitoring systems are particularly important in Mediterranean ports, as they provide more comprehensive data collection compared to traditional systems such as the Automatic Identification System (AIS), which is not mandatory for all vessels.
  • 1.3K
  • 05 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Thermomechanical Stress in Microelectronics Packaging Durability
Reflow soldering is the main connection technology of surface mounting. Firstly, the solder in paste form is stencil-printed onto the solder pads of the applied substrate, and then surface mounted devices are placed onto the solder deposits. Finally, the whole assembly is heated over the melting temperature of the solder alloy, which melts and forms solder joints. Surface mounting technology needs a low defect rate which is determined by process parameters, material properties, and the printed circuit board design. Accompanying the experiment and measurement, the identification and elimination of root causes can be effectively improved with numerical modelling, which also grants details to such physical mechanisms that are not even conventionally measurable.
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Virtual Power Plants for Smart Grid Operations
Virtual power plants (VPP) is a crucial component of the smart grid; this is made feasible by the network parts’ ability to coordinate themselves and the grid architecture’s ability to be controlled to its fullest potential.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
A New Parcel Delivery System
This entry proposes a novel parcel delivery system which consists of a drone and public transportation vehicles such as trains, trams, etc. This system involves two delivery schemes: drone-direct scheme referring to delivering to a customer by a drone directly and drone–vehicle collaborating scheme referring to delivering a customer based on the collaboration of a drone and public transportation vehicles. The fundamental characteristics including the delivery time, energy consumption and battery recharging are modelled, based on which a time-dependent scheduling problem for a single drone is formulated. It is shown to be NP-complete and a dynamic programming-based exact algorithm is presented. Since its computational complexity is exponential with respect to the number of customers, a sub-optimal algorithm is further developed. This algorithm accounts the time for delivery and recharging, and it first schedules the customer which leads to the earliest return.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker
An Earth-leakage circuit breaker (ELCB) is a safety device used in electrical installations with high Earth impedance to prevent shock. It detects small stray voltages on the metal enclosures of electrical equipment, and interrupts the circuit if a dangerous voltage is detected. Once widely used, more recent installations instead use residual-current devices (RCDs, RCCBs or GFCIs) which instead detect leakage current directly.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Thyristor Switched Capacitor
A thyristor switched capacitor (TSC) is a type of equipment used for compensating reactive power in electrical power systems. It consists of a power capacitor connected in series with a bidirectional thyristor valve and, usually, a current limiting reactor (inductor). The thyristor switched capacitor is an important component of a Static VAR Compensator (SVC), where it is often used in conjunction with a thyristor controlled reactor (TCR). Static VAR compensators are a member of the Flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) family.
  • 1.3K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Operative Forecasting of Electric Energy Consumption
Balancing the production and consumption of electricity is an urgent task. Its implementation largely depends on the means and methods of planning electricity production. Forecasting is one of the planning tools since the availability of an accurate forecast is a mechanism for increasing the validity of management decisions. Both classical and modern forecasting methods have been identified when forecasting electric energy consumption. Classical forecasting methods are based on the theory of regression and statistical analysis (regression, autoregressive models); probabilistic forecasting methods and modern forecasting methods use classical and deep-machine-learning algorithms, rank analysis methodology, fuzzy set theory, singular spectral analysis, wavelet transformations, Gray models, etc. Operational forecasting is the research subject of many scientists; it touches upon the issues of operational management of the operating modes of power facilities.
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Voltage-Source-Converter-Based High Voltage Direct Current Transmission System
Long-distance offshore wind power transmission systems utilize multi-terminal high voltage direct current (MT-HVDC) connections based on voltage source converters (VSCs). In addition to having the potential to work around restrictions, the VSC-based MT-HVDC transmission system has significant technical and economic merits over the HVAC transmission system. Offshore wind farms (OWFs) will inevitably grow because of their outstanding resistance to climate change and ability to provide sustainable energy without producing hazardous waste. Due to stronger and more persistent sea winds, the OWF often has a higher generation capacity with less negative climate effects. The majority of modern installations are distant from the shore and produce more power than the early OWF sites, which are situated close to the shore. 
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Batteries for Internet of Things Applications
There has been significant progress in IoT solutions for a variety of fields. The real-time functionality and remote deployment of IoT solutions are two crucial aspects that are necessary for their successful implementation. To achieve this, external batteries play a major role. While lithium–ion batteries are often the go-to choice for IoT devices, it is essential to recognise that different IoT applications have unique needs. Therefore, it is important to conduct a thorough examination of existing battery solutions and their suitability for various IoT applications. 
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Ionic Liquid Electrolytes
For decades, improvements in electrolytes and electrodes have driven the development of electrochemical energy storage devices. Generally, electrodes and electrolytes should not be developed separately due to the importance of the interaction at their interface. The energy storage ability and safety of energy storage devices are in fact determined by the arrangement of ions and electrons between the electrode and the electrolyte.
  • 1.3K
  • 03 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Blockchain and P2P Energy Trading in India
Advancing the sustainable energy transition is a major need in nations that are constantly evolving and developing in terms of their energy economy. India has been chosen for the purpose of analysis due to the heterogenous nature of its polity, topographies, infrastructural capabilities and diverse framework. Blockchain technology that facilitates a transparent transition is incorporated on various upcoming platforms. This is backed up by peer-to-peer trading of energy providing a prosumer with an autonomous environment.
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Coupled Dynamic Performance of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines
Floating offshore wind turbines (FOWT) have attracted more and more attention. Environmental loads on FOWTs have higher complexity than those on the traditional onshore or fixed-bottom offshore wind turbines. In addition to aerodynamic loads on turbine blades, hydrodynamic loads also act on the support platform. The primary coupling method is based on the combination of BEM theory and potential flow theory, which can simulate the performance of the FOWT system under normal operating conditions but has certain limitations in solving the complex problem of coupled FOWTs. The more accurate and reliable CFD method used in the research of coupling problems is still in its infancy.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring for Energy Management Systems
Load monitoring systems make it possible to obtain information on the status of the various loads powered by an electrical system. The term “electrical load” indicates any device or circuit that absorbs energy from the system to which it is connected, and which therefore influences electrical quantities such as power, voltage, and current. These monitoring systems, designed for applications related to energy efficiency, can also be used in other applications. The information derived from Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) systems can be used in order to create Energy Management Systems (EMS), Demand Response (DR), anomaly detection, maintenance, and Ambient Assisted Living (AAL). An EMS allows the user to measure and control the use and production of energy within a plant. Due to the benefits offered to both the consumers and distributors of electricity, EMSs are becoming increasingly important for reducing consumption.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Machine Learning Algorithms
Machine learning (ML) has grown rapidly over the past few decades and has widely used applications not only limited to healthcare problems, such as predicting drug discoveries and diagnosing diseases, but also in other fields, such as mechanics, robotics, and image recognition. In simple words, ML is a rapidly developing field of computational algorithms that aims to replicate human intelligence by adapting to their surroundings and learning from them.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Monitoring Lower-Limb Strength
Lower-limb strength is a marker of functional decline in elders. The present entry describes different technological approaches for older people to measure their lower-limb strength in the community. The first section holds an explanation of functional decline, the frailty syndrome and their relationship to lower-limb strength. The second section holds a description of wearable technologies based on Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) for lower-limb strength monitoring. Finally, the third section holds a description of the main challenges concerning portable ultrasound-based sensors for lower-limb strength monitoring.
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Microwave SINIS Detectors
Among cryogenic microwave detectors and bolometers, the superconductor–insulator–normal metal–insulator–superconductor (SINIS) detectors are promising candidates for practical applications due to their wide dynamic range, low requirements for temperature stabilization, lack of upper limit for signal frequency, and immunity to vibrations and magnetic fields compared to competing cryogenic detectors such as transition edge sensors, kinetic inductance detectors, hot electron detectors, and SIS detectors.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Oct 2022
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