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Topic Review
Microgrid Cyber-Security
       The study examines the existing approaches to address cyber-physical security from a microgrid perspective. the work on the smart grid application, in general, lacks approach intersections and is still being dealt with from separate domains in the research world. Using the microgrid model to carry out experiments on the cyber-physical security has plenty of practical justifications attributed to the important role it plays in paving the way towards smart grids, the microgrid’s context was mainly consulted owing to the relative simplicity in capturing and recording the interventions, either as an injected attack or control modification. Cybersecurity measures for energy systems still come as accessories and not as a built-in function. In particular, for most of the part, the electricity-related equipment that gets evolved at an exponential rate makes it extremely difficult for cyber defenses’ mechanisms to keep pace with this development in the absence of up-to-date standards and common market trends. 
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Aug 2020
Topic Review
The Key Technologies of Embedded AI
Advancements in artificial intelligence algorithms and models, along with embedded device support, have resulted in the issue of high energy consumption and poor compatibility when deploying artificial intelligence models and networks on embedded devices becoming solvable.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Radio Frequency Identification
Radio frequency identification (RFID) is widely used in several contexts, such as logistics, supply chains, asset tracking, and health, among others, therefore drawing the attention of many researchers.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Nanogrid Architectures, Control, and Converters
Environmental issues and the global need to extend sustainable access to electricity have fostered a huge amount of research in distributed generation by renewables. The challenges posed by the widespread deployment of distributed generation by renewables, such as intermittent power generation, low inertia, the need for energy storage, etc., call for the development of smart grids serving local specific areas or buildings, referred to as microgrids and nanogrids, respectively. This has led in the last decades to the proposal and actual implementation of a wide variety of system architectures and solutions, and along with that the issue of the power converters needed for interfacing the AC grid with DC micro- or nanogrids, and for DC regulation within the latter. 
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Categories of Step-Up DC-DC Converters
MICs can have either single-stage or two-stages conversion systems: single-stage MICs perform voltage boosting, MPPT and grid current control in a single DC-AC power conversion; two-stages MICs have a DC-DC stage to boost the PV module DC voltage (between 20 V–45 V) to a higher value (above 380 V, for instance) while tracking the PV module maximum power point, followed by a DC-AC stage, responsible to DC-link voltage regulation and the grid-tied functions.
  • 1.3K
  • 05 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Tactile and Force Sensors for Human–Machine Interaction
Human–Machine Interface (HMI) plays a key role in the interaction between people and machines, which allows people to easily and intuitively control the machine and immersively experience the virtual world of the meta-universe by virtual reality/augmented reality (VR/AR) technology. Wearable skin-integrated tactile and force sensors are widely used in immersive human–machine interactions due to their ultra-thin, ultra-soft, conformal characteristics. 
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Class E Power Amplifier
This entry aims to solve a problem that exists with impedance matching networks in terms of extra cost and power loss of electronic components in a four-coil wireless power transfer (WPT) system using class E power amplifier as power supply, which is not conducive to the improvement of system efficiency and output power. A design method of sharing the resonant inductor in class E power amplifier and the excitation coil in the four-coil WPT system is proposed. This method comprehensively considers the output power and transfer efficiency of the system, the number of coil turns, coil size and many other factors. Compared with the traditional four-coil system using a class E power amplifier as a power supply, the proposed method simplified the system structure by leaving out a resonant inductor and load matching circuit, which can reduce the power loss of system and improve efficiency. Moreover, the precisely tuning of resonant inductor was not necessary, which improved the stability of the system. The correctness and feasibility of the parameter design method were verified by experiments. The experimental results showed that the output power of the system was increased by 18.7%, the efficiency was increased by 11%, and the transmission distance was up to 0.7 m, which is suitable for wireless power supply of electronics and sensors.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Transactive Energy
Transactive energy is a highly effective technique for peers to exchange and trade energy resources. Several interconnected blocks, such as generation businesses, prosumers, the energy market, energy service providers, transmission and distribution networks, and so on, make up a transactive energy framework.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Thyristor Switched Capacitor
A thyristor switched capacitor (TSC) is a type of equipment used for compensating reactive power in electrical power systems. It consists of a power capacitor connected in series with a bidirectional thyristor valve and, usually, a current limiting reactor (inductor). The thyristor switched capacitor is an important component of a Static VAR Compensator (SVC), where it is often used in conjunction with a thyristor controlled reactor (TCR). Static VAR compensators are a member of the Flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) family.
  • 1.3K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker
An Earth-leakage circuit breaker (ELCB) is a safety device used in electrical installations with high Earth impedance to prevent shock. It detects small stray voltages on the metal enclosures of electrical equipment, and interrupts the circuit if a dangerous voltage is detected. Once widely used, more recent installations instead use residual-current devices (RCDs, RCCBs or GFCIs) which instead detect leakage current directly.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Microwave SINIS Detectors
Among cryogenic microwave detectors and bolometers, the superconductor–insulator–normal metal–insulator–superconductor (SINIS) detectors are promising candidates for practical applications due to their wide dynamic range, low requirements for temperature stabilization, lack of upper limit for signal frequency, and immunity to vibrations and magnetic fields compared to competing cryogenic detectors such as transition edge sensors, kinetic inductance detectors, hot electron detectors, and SIS detectors.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Batteries for Internet of Things Applications
There has been significant progress in IoT solutions for a variety of fields. The real-time functionality and remote deployment of IoT solutions are two crucial aspects that are necessary for their successful implementation. To achieve this, external batteries play a major role. While lithium–ion batteries are often the go-to choice for IoT devices, it is essential to recognise that different IoT applications have unique needs. Therefore, it is important to conduct a thorough examination of existing battery solutions and their suitability for various IoT applications. 
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Virtual Power Plants for Smart Grid Operations
Virtual power plants (VPP) is a crucial component of the smart grid; this is made feasible by the network parts’ ability to coordinate themselves and the grid architecture’s ability to be controlled to its fullest potential.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Coupled Dynamic Performance of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines
Floating offshore wind turbines (FOWT) have attracted more and more attention. Environmental loads on FOWTs have higher complexity than those on the traditional onshore or fixed-bottom offshore wind turbines. In addition to aerodynamic loads on turbine blades, hydrodynamic loads also act on the support platform. The primary coupling method is based on the combination of BEM theory and potential flow theory, which can simulate the performance of the FOWT system under normal operating conditions but has certain limitations in solving the complex problem of coupled FOWTs. The more accurate and reliable CFD method used in the research of coupling problems is still in its infancy.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Jun 2022
Topic Review
A New Parcel Delivery System
This entry proposes a novel parcel delivery system which consists of a drone and public transportation vehicles such as trains, trams, etc. This system involves two delivery schemes: drone-direct scheme referring to delivering to a customer by a drone directly and drone–vehicle collaborating scheme referring to delivering a customer based on the collaboration of a drone and public transportation vehicles. The fundamental characteristics including the delivery time, energy consumption and battery recharging are modelled, based on which a time-dependent scheduling problem for a single drone is formulated. It is shown to be NP-complete and a dynamic programming-based exact algorithm is presented. Since its computational complexity is exponential with respect to the number of customers, a sub-optimal algorithm is further developed. This algorithm accounts the time for delivery and recharging, and it first schedules the customer which leads to the earliest return.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Machine Learning Algorithms
Machine learning (ML) has grown rapidly over the past few decades and has widely used applications not only limited to healthcare problems, such as predicting drug discoveries and diagnosing diseases, but also in other fields, such as mechanics, robotics, and image recognition. In simple words, ML is a rapidly developing field of computational algorithms that aims to replicate human intelligence by adapting to their surroundings and learning from them.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Ionic Liquid Electrolytes
For decades, improvements in electrolytes and electrodes have driven the development of electrochemical energy storage devices. Generally, electrodes and electrolytes should not be developed separately due to the importance of the interaction at their interface. The energy storage ability and safety of energy storage devices are in fact determined by the arrangement of ions and electrons between the electrode and the electrolyte.
  • 1.3K
  • 03 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Passive Intermodulation at Contacts of Rough Conductors
Passive intermodulation (PIM) is a nonlinear phenomenon causing frequency mixing and harmonic generation. PIM products, generated by weak nonlinearities of passive devices, interfere with information signals and degrade the performance of communications, navigation and astronomical systems. The passive nonlinearities of different types: electrical, thermal and mechanical are coupled intrinsically despite their different time scales. Roughness of the contact surfaces notably enhances the PIM effect at conductor joints. 
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring for Energy Management Systems
Load monitoring systems make it possible to obtain information on the status of the various loads powered by an electrical system. The term “electrical load” indicates any device or circuit that absorbs energy from the system to which it is connected, and which therefore influences electrical quantities such as power, voltage, and current. These monitoring systems, designed for applications related to energy efficiency, can also be used in other applications. The information derived from Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) systems can be used in order to create Energy Management Systems (EMS), Demand Response (DR), anomaly detection, maintenance, and Ambient Assisted Living (AAL). An EMS allows the user to measure and control the use and production of energy within a plant. Due to the benefits offered to both the consumers and distributors of electricity, EMSs are becoming increasingly important for reducing consumption.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
THz Sensing of Human Skin
The non-ionizing and non-invasive nature of THz radiation, combined with its high sensitivity to water, has made THz imaging and spectroscopy highly attractive for in vivo biomedical applications for many years. Among them, the skin is primarily investigated due to the short penetration depth of THz waves caused by the high attenuation by water in biological samples. A complete model of skin describing the THz-skin interaction to reveal the optical properties of the skin from the measured THz spectrum is needed. It is crucial that the correct model is used, not just to ensure compatibility between different works, but more importantly to ensure the reliability of the data and conclusions.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Jun 2021
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