You're using an outdated browser. Please upgrade to a modern browser for the best experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia and Dehydration
During the last few years, the numbers of competitors in endurance and ultra-endurance sports modalities have increased significantly. This type of competition is an extreme challenge for athletes. Therefore, they have an increased the risk of developing medical and nutritional problems like exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH), dehydration (DH); the provision of misinformation to athletes about nutrient intake and hydration during competition was identified as the main cause. These problems can affect the performance and health status of the athlete during and post-competition. Several nutritional guidelines have been suggested that can prevent these adverse outcomes, and it is essential to individualize and adjust the nutritional intake and hydration status according to the characteristics of each competition.
  • 1.3K
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Physical Exercise-Induced FGF-21 to Fight Obesity
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) is a protein that is involved in the regulation of glucose, lipids, and energy metabolism. To act on target tissues, endocrine FGF-21 binds preferably to FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) in the presence of the coreceptor named β-klotho (KLB). Some of the effects of FGF-21 include increased fatty acid oxidation, glucose uptake, insulin sensitivity, and thermogenesis, which can regulate body weight and glycemia control. By exerting such metabolic effects, the therapeutic potential of FGF-21 for the treatment of obesity and diabetes has been investigated. Physical exercise has been widely used for the prevention and treatment of obesity. Several mechanisms mediate the effects of physical exercise, including the FGF-21 pathway. Studies have shown that physical exercise increases the concentration of circulating and tissue FGF-21 in animals, while contradictory results are still observed in humans.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Rapid Weight Loss
Since combat sports are weight-divided, many athletes take part in rapid weight loss so they can compete in a lower weight class and presumably gain advantage over their lighter opponents. This practice is associated with many health complications and performance decrements that can range from transient to chronic. 
  • 1.3K
  • 04 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Methodological Approaches to Talent Identification in Team Sports
Talent identification (TID) and talent development (TD) continue to receive significant investment from team sports organisations, highlighting their importance in attempting to identify potential elite athletes. Accompanying this continual pursuit to unearth future talent is an ever-increasing body of research aiming to provide solutions and strategies to optimise TID and TD processes.
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness
Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) has been defined as delayed onset soreness, muscle stiffness, swelling, loss of force-generating capacity, reduced joint range of motion, and decreased proprioceptive function.
  • 1.3K
  • 14 Sep 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Benefits of Judo Training for Brain Functions Related to Physical and Cognitive Performance in Older Adults
Judo is a well-known Japanese martial art that also features in Olympic games. Recently, an increasing interest has been observed in the application of judo as a multicomponent exercise, with a growing body of evidence showing that this feature improves physical and cognitive performance in older adults. Therefore, this review highlights the benefits of judo training in preventing physical and cognitive decline in older adults. Specifically, first, this review outlines the basic characteristics of judo (philosophy, match, and training). Subsequently, prior research examining the impacts of judo training on the physical and cognitive aspects of elderly individuals is reviewed. Thereafter, the brain mechanisms underlying the effects of judo training in improving physical and cognitive performance are discussed. Throughout this review, judo training demonstrated some positive effects on physical (gait and balance, among others) and cognitive (memory and executive function) function in older adults. These positive effects are attributed to a variety of changes in the brain (e.g., increased neurotrophic factor expression and increased cerebral blood flow, among others) that affect different brain regions and networks both functionally and structurally. From these findings, this review concludes that judo training can be an effective way to maintain and prevent physical and cognitive decline in older adults.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Trainning of Female Soccer Players
Women’s soccer has increased in popularity and participation during the last decade. Soccer is considered a contact sport and such impact has had consequences through both a greater skill level and physical demands throughout training and matches. Some of the physical demands for female soccer players during matches have been reported, with total distances covered reaching 10 km, 1.7 km of which was completed at high speed (>18 km·h−1). In addition, female players perform between 1350 and 1650 changes of activity, such as passing, tackling, trapping and dribbling. Despite its growing popularity, female players are exposed to greater training volumes and competition demands than ever before and, therefore, a better understanding of female players’ physical performance changes is needed to design appropriate training programs.
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Physiology of the Endocannabinoid System
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is involved in various processes, including brain plasticity, learning and memory, neuronal development, nociception, inflammation, appetite regulation, digestion, metabolism, energy balance, motility, and regulation of stress and emotions.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Social Environment in Pacing and Sports Performance
Pacing has been described as a goal-directed process of decision making in which athletes decide when and how to distribute their limited energy resources throughout an exercise task. Adequate pacing behaviour is critical in sports as it facilitates optimal performance. In sports settings, numerous lab and field studies consistently revealed that the social environment is an influential factor in athletes’ pacing and performance, as first observed by Triplett. In head-to-head sports, such as cycling, running, and speed skating, opponents can act as social placebos, inviting changes in athletes’ pacing behaviour impacting positively on performance, while their rate of perceived exertion remains the same. According to the ecological perspective, this occurs because opponents act as social affordances (invitations for actions), providing the athlete with additional performance feedback and therefore influencing their decision-making. 
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Myasthenia Gravis
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue. The cause is a postsynaptic defect of neuromuscular transmission, which brings, in the majority of patients, to develop autoantibodies directed against the postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR).
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Strength-Training in Intellectual Disability
The practice of physical exercise (PE), especially strength training (ST), has health benefits in the healthy population; however, the literature is scarce in the recommendations related to the population with intellectual disability (ID). This study represents the first analysis on the topic and aims to examine the structure and efficacy of ST experimental intervention programs in individuals with ID. This systematic review was carried out between January and April 2021, using the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus databases, according to the PRISMA guidelines.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Running Performance Variability
Sports performance is a multifactorial trait, expressed by the interaction of both individual and environmental characteristics. Taking this into account, it is of relevance consider the context where athletes are inserted to better understand variability in the performance, specially in practice mainly performed in outdoor environment, such as running.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Neurophysiology and the Practical Applications of Perceived Exertion
Obtaining perceived exertion is relatively easy, but practitioners often neglect some critical methodological issues extensively addressed in its inception (e.g., construct definition), which can subsequently compromise the validity of perceived exertion assessment. In addition, several theoretical models have proposed that perceived exertion plays a role in explaining endurance exercise performance. These models rely on assumptions about the origin of the neural signals responsible for generating the perceived exertion. Although the scientific knowledge about central and peripheral signals involved in the perceived exertion genesis has notably progressed, the scenario is complex, and some caveats remain, requiring an integrative physiological interpretation to advance the field further. Lastly, practitioners have extensively applied perceived exertion to prescribe exercise intensity and monitor training responses.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Upper-Limb Physical Rehabilitation with Techology
The use of videogames and motion capture systems in physical rehabilitation contributes to the recovery of the patient, for this reason, there is a tendency to continue generating proposals that face the challenges of rehabilitation with technologies that offer precision and care coverage, and that, additionally, integrate elements that promote the motivation and participation of the patient.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Effects of Amino Acids L-Arginine on Physical Performance
Consumption of amino acids L-arginine (L-Arg) and L-citrulline (L-Cit) are purported to increase nitric oxide (NO) production and improve physical performance. However, standalone L-Arg supplementation seems ineffective in increasing NO synthesis or improve physical performance and perceptual feelings of exertion among recreationally active and trained athletes.
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Elite Triathlete Profiles in Draft-Legal Triathlons
Triathlon is a sport that combines three disciplines: swimming, cycling, and running. These are carried out consecutively and in this order. 
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Effects of L-Citrulline on Physical Performance
Consumption of amino acids L-arginine (L-Arg) and L-citrulline (L-Cit) are purported to increase nitric oxide (NO) production and improve physical performance. Supplementing with L-Cit is more effective in increasing plasma L-Arg concentration than supplementing with L-Arg Clinical trials have shown relatively more favorable outcomes than not after supplementing with L-Cit and combined L-Arg and L-Cit. Administration of combined L-Arg and L-Cit may increase circulating L-Arg concentration and rapidly enhance NO bioavailability more effectively than either individual L-Arg or L-Cit, probably due to the synergistic effect of the two amino acids. Combining the two amino acids in supplements enhances performance by reducing energy expenditure, time exhaustion, and increases the power output.
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
A Systematic Review of Effects on ACL Injury of Soccer Shoe Outsoles, Soccer Playing Field Surfaces, and Outsole–Surface Interface
Soccer is a sport with a high incidence of injuries. The most common injury occurs when the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee has undergone a sprain, strain, or partial or total rupture. Besides fitness factors (e.g., proprioception, balance and strength capabilities), a principal cause of ACL injuries is sport shoes and playing surfaces. Especially with the emergence of artificial surfaces (rubbers, turfs, concrete, asphalt, red turf), the ACL injuries dramatically increase. The cost of ACL injuries is high both in terms of career termination and in social and economic costs. Thus, it is necessary to understand the impact of sport shoes and playing surfaces on the ACL and how it can be mitigated. The present literature review followed the PRISMA methodology to identify the major biomechanical factors influencing the behavior of surfaces and shoes in relation to the ACL damage. Fifty-eight papers were identified. After reviewing the mechanism of injuries, we identified several distinct factors: type of outsole and mechanical arrangement of the outsoles; shear forces; characteristics of artificial turf surfaces; effect of weather on artificial surface aging and change in mechanical characteristics; outsole/ground interface; and the frictional, tractional and rotational forces in the pathogenesis of ACL injuries in soccer.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 May 2024
Topic Review
COVID-19 on Swimming Training
The COVID-19 pandemic has had severe effects on communities globally, leading to significant restrictions on all aspects of society, including in sports. Several significant decisions were made to postpone or cancel major swimming events by FINA (Fédération Internationale de Natation). Swimmers were no longer allowed to continue their usual training in swimming pools and were confined to their homes. These unusual circumstances may represent a good opportunity to strengthen different areas of swimmer preparation and potentially enhance performance when resuming regular aquatic training.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
Beneficial Mechanisms of Physical Exercise in Alzheimer’s Disease
Physical exercise has emerged as a promising non-pharmacological intervention for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), with demonstrated effects on promoting neurogenesis, activating neurotrophic factors, reducing Aβ aggregates, minimizing the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), dampening inflammatory processes, mitigating oxidative stress, and improving the functionality of the neurovascular unit (NVU). Overall, the neuroprotective effects of exercise are not singular, but are multi-targets. 
  • 1.0K
  • 08 Nov 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 5
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Academic Video Service
Feedback