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Topic Review
Mirabegron Mechanism and Obesity
Obesity is a global epidemic issue that has greatly increased in importance in recent decades. Characterized by a chronic low-grade inflammation, it is associated with other comorbidities, such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Brown adipose tissue (BAT), composed of multilocular lipid droplets, has high levels of mitochondria, causing an increase in thermogenesis and consequently in energy expenditure, due to its response to diet, exercise and cold stimuli. Considered a pharmacological treatment for overactive bladder (OAB), mirabegron is also categorized as a β(3)-adrenoceptor agonist, and is used in recommended doses of 25 mg and 50 mg.
  • 738
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Elite Triathlete Profiles in Draft-Legal Triathlons
Triathlon is a sport that combines three disciplines: swimming, cycling, and running. These are carried out consecutively and in this order. 
  • 724
  • 22 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Trainning of Female Soccer Players
Women’s soccer has increased in popularity and participation during the last decade. Soccer is considered a contact sport and such impact has had consequences through both a greater skill level and physical demands throughout training and matches. Some of the physical demands for female soccer players during matches have been reported, with total distances covered reaching 10 km, 1.7 km of which was completed at high speed (>18 km·h−1). In addition, female players perform between 1350 and 1650 changes of activity, such as passing, tackling, trapping and dribbling. Despite its growing popularity, female players are exposed to greater training volumes and competition demands than ever before and, therefore, a better understanding of female players’ physical performance changes is needed to design appropriate training programs.
  • 723
  • 31 Jan 2021
Topic Review
School-Based Intervention to Children exercise
Three key health behaviors, physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior (SB) and sleep (SLP), have been identified by the 24-h framework as movement behaviors. School-based interventions targeting these multiple health behaviors among children have the potential to increase health outcomes. Despite this, the efficacy and sustainability of school-based movement behavior interventions among children has not been evaluated yet. To fill this gap in literature, this systematic review will aim to: 1) Summarize and classify movement behavior strategies used in literature to improve PA, SB and SLP in/from school in children; and 2) measure the effect of movement behavior strategies used in literature to improve PA, SB and SLP in children. The review protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020199154). A systematic search will be conducted between 2010 to 2020 in five databases: Pubmed, Scopus, SPORTDiscuss, The Cochrane Library and Web of Science. Risk of bias and quality assessment will be evaluated and measured according to the recommended tools. This systematic review will provide information about which kind of school-based movement behavior interventions are effective, sustainable and the best to implement in children.
  • 717
  • 20 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Tendinopathies
Tendinopathy is an umbrella term used to identify a complex clinical condition characterized by molecular, cellular, and histological changes occurring in affected tendons that leads to persistent pain, swelling, and impaired physical performance. Several pathogenic mechanisms are involved in the occurrence of this condition. High load demands and repetitive mechanical exposure during exercise act as primum movens of tendinopathy.
  • 708
  • 08 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Physiological Effects of Nitric Oxide on Cartilage
Nitric oxide (NO) is a small gaseous molecule that is widely distributed in the human body, and its synthesis is dependent on NO synthase (NOS). NO plays an important role in various physiological processes such as the regulation of blood volume and nerve conduction. 
  • 705
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Rapamycin Signaling at Muscle Fiber Fate in Sarcopenia
Sarcopenia, the age-related decline of muscle mass and strength/function is a major risk factor for disability and loss of independence in late life. Studies have shown that behavioral interventions (e.g., physical activity, adapted nutrition) reduce the rate of muscle wasting during aging. However, an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms driving age-related muscle loss has hampered the development of effective drugs to prevent or treat sarcopenia. Altered muscle protein metabolism is considered to be one of the main factors underlying the development and progression of sarcopenia. While basal rates of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and degradation (MPD) seem to be unaffected by age, the anabolic response to a variety of stimuli (e.g., exercise, nutrient ingestion) is blunted during aging. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a key regulator of muscle anabolic and catabolic pathways and, hence, a promising target for interventions against sarcopenia.
  • 701
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Effects of L-Citrulline on Physical Performance
Consumption of amino acids L-arginine (L-Arg) and L-citrulline (L-Cit) are purported to increase nitric oxide (NO) production and improve physical performance. Supplementing with L-Cit is more effective in increasing plasma L-Arg concentration than supplementing with L-Arg Clinical trials have shown relatively more favorable outcomes than not after supplementing with L-Cit and combined L-Arg and L-Cit. Administration of combined L-Arg and L-Cit may increase circulating L-Arg concentration and rapidly enhance NO bioavailability more effectively than either individual L-Arg or L-Cit, probably due to the synergistic effect of the two amino acids. Combining the two amino acids in supplements enhances performance by reducing energy expenditure, time exhaustion, and increases the power output.
  • 687
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
COVID-19 on Swimming Training
The COVID-19 pandemic has had severe effects on communities globally, leading to significant restrictions on all aspects of society, including in sports. Several significant decisions were made to postpone or cancel major swimming events by FINA (Fédération Internationale de Natation). Swimmers were no longer allowed to continue their usual training in swimming pools and were confined to their homes. These unusual circumstances may represent a good opportunity to strengthen different areas of swimmer preparation and potentially enhance performance when resuming regular aquatic training.
  • 683
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
VO2max Test of Unhealthy Participants
Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is strongly associated with endurance performance as well as health risk. Despite the fact that VO2max has been measured in exercise physiology for over a century, robust procedures to ensure that VO2max is attained at the end of graded exercise testing (GXT) do not exist. This shortcoming led to development of an additional bout referred to as a verification test (VER) completed after incremental exercise or on the following day. 
  • 675
  • 03 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Methodological Approaches to Talent Identification in Team Sports
Talent identification (TID) and talent development (TD) continue to receive significant investment from team sports organisations, highlighting their importance in attempting to identify potential elite athletes. Accompanying this continual pursuit to unearth future talent is an ever-increasing body of research aiming to provide solutions and strategies to optimise TID and TD processes.
  • 673
  • 09 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Sedentary Behavior and Physical Fitness
Sedentary behavior has been considered an independent risk factor to health. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine associations between objectively measured sedentary time and physical fitness components in healthy adults. Methods: Four electronic databases (Web of Science, Scopus, Pubmed and Sport Discus) were searched (up to 20 September 2020) to retrieve studies on healthy adults which used observational, cohort and cross-sectional designs. Studies were included if sedentary time was measured objectively and examined associations with the health- or skill-related attributes of physical fitness (e.g., muscular strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, balance). After applying additional search criteria, 21 papers (11,101 participants) were selected from an initial pool of 5192 identified papers. Results: Significant negative associations were found between total sedentary time with cardiorespiratory fitness (r = −0.164, 95%CI: −0.240, −0.086, p < 0.001), muscular strength (r = −0.147, 95%CI: −0.266, −0.024, p = 0.020) and balance (r = −0.133, 95%CI: −0.255, −0.006, p = 0.040).
  • 667
  • 29 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Running Performance Variability
Sports performance is a multifactorial trait, expressed by the interaction of both individual and environmental characteristics. Taking this into account, it is of relevance consider the context where athletes are inserted to better understand variability in the performance, specially in practice mainly performed in outdoor environment, such as running.
  • 661
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Tendinopathy
Using three different databases—PubMed, MEDLINE and CENTRAL—a literature search has been performed in May 2020 combining MeSH terms and free terms with Boolean operators. Authors independently selected studies, conducted quality assessment, and extracted results. Ultrasound imaging has a good reliability in the differentiation between healthy and abnormal tendon tissue, while there are difficulties in the identification of tendinopathy stages. Tendinopathy is a common disease that affects athletes, causing pain and dysfunction to the afflicted tendon. A clinical diagnose is usually combined with imaging and, among all the existing techniques, ultrasound is widely adopted.
  • 647
  • 28 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Mitochondria in Muscles
Mitochondria are the cellular organelles that produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the primary energy substrate for the human organism.
  • 630
  • 03 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Neurophysiology and the Practical Applications of Perceived Exertion
Obtaining perceived exertion is relatively easy, but practitioners often neglect some critical methodological issues extensively addressed in its inception (e.g., construct definition), which can subsequently compromise the validity of perceived exertion assessment. In addition, several theoretical models have proposed that perceived exertion plays a role in explaining endurance exercise performance. These models rely on assumptions about the origin of the neural signals responsible for generating the perceived exertion. Although the scientific knowledge about central and peripheral signals involved in the perceived exertion genesis has notably progressed, the scenario is complex, and some caveats remain, requiring an integrative physiological interpretation to advance the field further. Lastly, practitioners have extensively applied perceived exertion to prescribe exercise intensity and monitor training responses.
  • 628
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Resistance Exercise and Balance Ability
Resistance exercise (RE) could be used to improve balance in older adults. Performing RE alone could be a time-efficient compromise for individuals who are unwilling or unable to perform large volumes of exercise or different exercise modalities. 
  • 620
  • 19 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Physical Activity, Gut Microbiota and Gut-Brain Axis
Physical activity (PA) can impact significantly the gut microbiota composition and diversity, and could also produce modifications in the gut microbiota that can mediate and induce mental health benefits. The PA favors bacterial strains that can promote physical performance and that can induce beneficial changes in the brain.
  • 594
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness
Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) has been defined as delayed onset soreness, muscle stiffness, swelling, loss of force-generating capacity, reduced joint range of motion, and decreased proprioceptive function.
  • 586
  • 14 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Effects of Amino Acids L-Arginine on Physical Performance
Consumption of amino acids L-arginine (L-Arg) and L-citrulline (L-Cit) are purported to increase nitric oxide (NO) production and improve physical performance. However, standalone L-Arg supplementation seems ineffective in increasing NO synthesis or improve physical performance and perceptual feelings of exertion among recreationally active and trained athletes.
  • 566
  • 02 Sep 2022
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