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Topic Review
Burden of Childhood Malnutrition: A Roadmap of Policies
Childhood malnutrition is a global epidemic with significant public health ramifications. The alarming increase in childhood obesity rates, in conjunction with the COVID-19 pandemic, pose major challenges. Since the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989 and the joint consortium held by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) that led to the “Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding”, several policymakers and scientific societies have produced relevant reports. Today, the WHO and UNICEF remain the key players on the field, elaborating the guidelines shaped by international expert teams over time, but there is still a long way to go before assuring the health of our children.
  • 644
  • 25 Aug 2022
Topic Review
African Union Strategy on COVID-19 Vaccine
The African Union (AU) vaccination strategy seems to be very optimistic, with major challenges that might hinder the achievement of the main goal of vaccinating 60% of the population, even by 2023. Major health system reforms, as well as better resource allocation, will be crucial for countries to achieve better results.
  • 635
  • 24 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Types of COVID-19 Vaccines
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly contagious virus that emerged at the end of 2019 and has caused an upper respiratory disease pandemic, currently known as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Vaccine clinical studies are developing promptly with the aim of obtaining vaccines that are effective in suppressing the spread of the virus; however, the development of viral mutations raises concerns about the decreasing effectiveness of the resulting vaccine, which also results in the need for more in-depth studies. There have been 330 vaccines developed, including 136 clinical developments and 194 pre-clinical developments. 
  • 620
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
System Structure of Appointment Scheduling
In the face of an increasingly high-demand environment for outpatients, achieving a balance between allocation of limited medical resources and patient satisfaction has considerable social and economic benefits. Therefore, appointment scheduling (AS) system operation is used in clinics and hospitals, and its operation optimization research is of great significance.
  • 614
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Telemedicine Applications in the Era of COVID-19
Telemedicine allows for the effective delivery of health care to patients at a distance through the application of information technology to the field of medicine. This is optimal during the COVID-19 pandemic to reduce interpersonal contact to mitigate contagion. 
  • 610
  • 14 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Mechanistic Approaches to Understanding Psychological Resilience to Suicide
Suicidal experiences include suicidal thoughts, tendencies, urges, compulsions, plans, behaviours, attempts and death. Such experiences are a global concern with substantial suicide prevention measures being developed and implemented worldwide. People need to try to understand how resilience to suicidal experiences in those who have severe mental health problems, including psychosis, fluctuates within and between individuals using a multi-componential approach. This understanding rests on identifying the psychological mechanisms which underpin resilience to suicidal experiences whilst also interacting with resilience to psychosis. There are four models of resilience, namely, the unidimensional model, the two dimensional buffering model, the recovery model and the maintenance model. 
  • 600
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Urban Digitization Governance in Birth Registration Field
Digitization governance is one of the most significant current discussions in the urban governance field. Especially, with the spreading of Blockchain Technology (BCT), researchers have shown an increased interest in the application of the technology in solving birth registration challenges as a digital infrastructure in developing countries.
  • 597
  • 17 Aug 2022
Topic Review
ICT Usage and Well-Being of Japan's Older People
As the population ages, the question of how to prevent isolation among older people and increase their well-being becomes a social issue. For older people, ICT usage does not have a large effect on enhancing well-being, but becomes sufficiently large only through the improvement of social capital. The pros and cons of such modern communication means should be utilized as a reference when considering the development of future communication means and a human coach—a person who supports the use of communication means by older people. In other words, to think about the spread of communication means to community-dwelling older people in the future, it is always necessary to think about technology usage emphasizing the relationship between older people and society. 
  • 596
  • 26 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Probiotics and Probiotic-like Agents against Chemotherapy-Induced Intestinal Mucositis
Cancer chemotherapy has allowed many patients to survive, but not without risks derived from its adverse effects. Drugs, such as 5-fluorouracil, irinotecan, oxaliplatin, methotrexate, and others, as well as different drug combinations trigger intestinal mucositis that may cause or contribute to anorexia, pain, diarrhea, weight loss, systemic infections, and even death. Dysbiosis is a hallmark of chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis and diarrhea, and, therefore, strategies aimed at modulating intestinal microbiota may be useful to counteract and prevent those dreadful effects.
  • 590
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Marketing Unhealthy Foods to Children
HFSS food marketing featuring celebrities or influencers increases children’s food consumption, although this was from a limited number of studies. These findings suggest that limiting exposure of children to HFSS marketing including all celebrity types may have beneficial impacts upon dietary consumption. Further research on the impact of child characteristics such as SES, long-term impacts, and real-world studies would be beneficial to further inform the thinking of policy makers.
  • 588
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Nutrition and Food Literacy in the MENA Region
Improving food and nutrition literacy is fundamental to tackling the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region’s enormous challenges, including malnutrition and food insecurity. To direct initiatives, it is crucial to assess the region’s food and nutrition literacy. People in these countries mostly had inadequate food and/or nutrition literacy levels, especially in the skills rather than the cognitive domain. Food and/or nutrition literacy showed associations with food habits, food-label use, food-consumption patterns, school performance, food security, dietary diversity, and nutrient adequacy. The MENA countries developed no policies or programs to address food and nutrition literacy. 
  • 582
  • 02 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Guidelines for COVID-19 patients
The aim of this review is to summarize current evidence of infection control in healthcare settings and patients with COVID-19 to increase awareness among healthcare workers and prevent nosocomial infections during actual pandemics. Guidelines should target all modes of transmission while recommending control precautions. During epidemics, healthcare facilities must promptly implement a multidisciplinary defense system to combat the outbreak. More evidence-based infection control strategies are needed to uniform the guidelines. 
  • 576
  • 20 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Green Space (GS) Attendance and Prosociality
In times of crisis like the COVID-19 pandemic, social ties can literally be a lifeline. A way to create, maintain, and strengthen connections between people is by assisting others by adopting prosocial behaviors. An emergent body of evidence shows the impact of exposure to nature on prosocial attitudes and interpersonal relationships. This study examines relationships between green space (GS) attendance, perceived beauty of the space, perceived crowdedness of the space, and prosocial behavior.
  • 576
  • 20 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Clinical Diagnosis and Manifestation of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Colonic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), or the colitides, encompasses Crohn’s colitis (CC) and ulcerative colitis (UC), the two highly heterogeneous, debilitating, incurable, persistent, relapsing/worsening, immune-arbitrated inflammatory pathologies of the digestive system canal.
  • 572
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Cervical Cancer Protection in Japan
In Japan, government subsidies for human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination of girls aged 13–16 commenced in 2010. By early 2013, vaccination had become a widely accepted national immunization program. However, in June of 2013, the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare (MHLW), the government’s lead agency, suspended its recommendation for vaccination in response to reports of adverse vaccine events. The rate of HPV vaccination quickly dropped from 70% to almost zero, where it has lingered for eight years. In 2020, a new 9-valent HPV vaccine was licensed in Japan. The momentum seemed to be building for the resumption of HPV vaccinations, yet Japanese mothers remain widely hesitant about vaccinating their daughters, despite the well-proven safety and efficacy of the HPV vaccines. 
  • 563
  • 19 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Alcohol Use in Pregnancy
Understanding the factors that contribute to women’s alcohol use in pregnancy is of critical importance to women's health and prevention of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). Alcohol use in pregnancy is influenced by a range of contextual and structural factors, including poverty, histories of trauma and violence, physical and mental health concerns, normalization of alcohol in social networks, sociocultural and economic vulnerabilities and disadvantage, and child welfare involvement. Therefore, beyond supporting individual change, it is necessary to address a range of structural and systemic issues through the adoption of emerging gender-, trauma-, cultural, and equity-informed interventions. 
  • 554
  • 24 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Tuberculosis in the Twenty-First Century
With an estimated two billion people being carriers of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), the gains achieved by increasing access to diagnostics and treatment, although substantial, have had a modest impact on the global burden of tuberculosis (TB). At the same time, increased access to treatment has had the unintended consequence that drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) has increased dramatically. Earlier TB control strategies strongly emphasizing medical treatment have failed to address these issues effectively.
  • 541
  • 23 May 2023
Topic Review
Pharmacovigilance Systems in Three Arab Countries
Pharmacovigilance (PV) is defined by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as “the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problem" and represents an important element of a country’s public health policies’ portfolio. Like other developing countries, PV systems in Arab countries are at different stages of maturity, with many still in the early stages of development. Recently, however, the importance of having a strong PV system in place has gained increased attention.
  • 536
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Guiding Nutritious Food Choices
For the food system to become more sustainable and nutritious, the environment in which consumers’ choices are shaped and informed has an important influence on their diet. Health-positive policies and regulations can support investment and increased intake of fruits, vegetables, legumes and whole grains, as well as mandating these foods to form part of institutional feeding programmes such as national school nutrition programs. Efforts to regulate the marketing of commercial products and services can be highly controversial, but they have been shown to be effective in driving food choices.
  • 522
  • 30 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Disabled People during Pandemics
From a population health perspective, during disease outbreaks and pandemics, including the COVID-19 pandemic, along with the general population, it is important for governments to include people with disability in their pandemic planning and response.
  • 520
  • 29 Jun 2021
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