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Topic Review
Catalytic Factors Associated with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complex psychological disorder that develops following exposure to traumatic events. PTSD is influenced by catalytic factors such as dysregulated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, neurotransmitter imbalances, and oxidative stress. Genetic variations may act as important catalysts, impacting neurochemical signaling, synaptic plasticity, and stress response systems. Understanding the intricate gene networks and their interactions is vital for comprehending the underlying mechanisms of PTSD. 
  • 626
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Intelligent Healthcare System for Predicting Cardiac Diseases
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are amongst the leading causes of death worldwide. Modern medical milestones are represented by 5G systems, internet services, artificial intelligence (AI), microelectronics, big data, cloud computing (CC), and smart bioengineering. These techniques are employed at every stage of sophisticated medicine. The Internet of Things (IoT)’, given its capacity to assist in solving diverse health-related problems in a highly efficient manner, has attracted the attention of scientists desirous of contributing to this domain.
  • 591
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Directed Cycles Evolve with Junk DNA
Cell responses are usually viewed as transitive events with fixed inputs and outputs that are regulated by feedback loops. In contrast, directed cycles (DCs) have all nodes connected, and the flow is in a single direction. Consequently, DCs can regenerate themselves and implement intransitive logic. DCs are able to couple unrelated chemical reactions to each edge. The output depends upon which node is used as input.
  • 556
  • 22 Nov 2023
Topic Review
A Unified Cryptographic Framework
This paper introduces a novel cryptographic paradigm that leverages the principles of chaotic dynamical systems, non-Euclidean geometry, computational physics, and number theory to construct a secure, endomorphic cryptosystem. The proposed framework establishes a high-dimensional, fractal phase space manifold upon which a quantum harmonic oscillator model is simulated. Cryptographic primitives are extracted from the system's synaptic weights and chaotic state transitions, which are then compiled into a composite joint matrix. This matrix forms the core of a new data encryption standard and a Diffie-Hellman-type key exchange protocol. Security is further enhanced by a self-certifying public key infrastructure and a zero-knowledge proof of knowledge protocol based on quadratic non-residues. The resulting system is designed to be resistant to both classical and quantum cryptanalytic techniques by grounding its security in the computational intractability of simulating a complex, physically-grounded chaotic system in reverse.
  • 61
  • 11 Sep 2025
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Visual Analogue Scale
The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) is a psychometric instrument used in research and clinical studies to measure the intensity of subjective experiences that cannot be objectively quantified using defined biomarkers, such as pain, fatigue, or mood. It typically consists of a 100 mm straight line with descriptive anchors at each end representing the extremes of the sensation (for example, “no pain” at one end and “the most severe pain imaginable” at the other). Respondents indicate their experience by marking a point on the line, and the distance from the lower anchor is measured and recorded as a continuous variable. VAS data can be analyzed using descriptive or inferential statistics, with the ordinal and non-linear properties of the scale requiring careful justification of the statistical methods applied.
  • 12
  • 19 Nov 2025
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