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Topic Review
Immunosenescence in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease
Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is one of the most important causes of vascular dementia. Immunosenescence and inflammatory response, with the involvement of the cerebrovascular system, constitute the basis of this disease. Immunosenescence identifies a condition of deterioration of the immune organs and consequent dysregulation of the immune response caused by cellular senescence, which exposes older adults to a greater vulnerability. A low-grade chronic inflammation status also accompanies it without overt infections, an “inflammaging” condition. The correlation between immunosenescence and inflammaging is fundamental in understanding the pathogenesis of age-related CSVD (ArCSVD). The production of inflammatory mediators caused by inflammaging promotes cellular senescence and the decrease of the adaptive immune response. Vice versa, the depletion of the adaptive immune mechanisms favours the stimulation of the innate immune system and the production of inflammatory mediators leading to inflammaging. Furthermore, endothelial dysfunction, chronic inflammation promoted by senescent innate immune cells, oxidative stress and impairment of microglia functions constitute, therefore, the framework within which small vessel disease develops: it is a concatenation of molecular events that promotes the decline of the central nervous system and cognitive functions slowly and progressively.
  • 863
  • 05 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Dietary Assessment Tools and Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is associated with a range of chronic diseases, for which lifestyle interventions are considered the cornerstone of treatment. Dietary interventions have primarily focused on weight reduction, usually via energy restricted diets. While this strategy can improve insulin sensitivity and other health markers, weight loss alone is not always effective in addressing all risk factors associated with MS.
  • 859
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Microfluidic Platform for COVID-19
Spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has significantly impacted the public health and economic sectors. It is urgently necessary to develop rapid, convenient, and cost-effective point-of-care testing (POCT) technologies for the early diagnosis and control of the plague’s transmission. Developing POCT methods and related devices is critical for achieving point-of-care diagnosis. The POCT devices based on microfluidic technology on the market, including paper-based microfluidic, centrifugal microfluidic, optical fluid, and digital microfluidic platforms.
  • 859
  • 16 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Use in COVID-19 Patients
There is an urgent need for further research and guidance in this field, from producing evidence-based guidelines, reassessing biomarkers for antimicrobial stewardship in COVID-19 patients, understanding drivers, benefits, and disbenefits of antibiotic use, and assessing the wider impact of the pandemic on antimicrobial use (AMU) and AMR. In this scoping review, we aim to: add to the research evidence on prevalence and patterns of antimicrobial use in the treatment of COVID-19 patients; identify the most commonly used antibiotics and clinical scenarios associated with AMU; and to explore any impact of AMU on patient treatment outcomes.
  • 858
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Antibiotics Prescribing during COVID-19 Pandemic
It is axiomatic that hospital admissions increase risks of healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs), leading to a noticeable increase in antibiotic consumption. A recent study conducted on ICU patients in 88 countries highlighted that 70% of hospitalized patients receive at least one antibiotic during acute admission; of this cohort 54% developed a secondary bacterial infection that necessitated antibiotic therapy. In patients with severe disease, the WHO recommends the provision of antimicrobial therapy to prevent furthers infection complications, leading to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi-organ failure.
  • 858
  • 27 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Anti-tobacco Messages for Aboriginal Pregnancy
Messages from peer-reviewed papers were compared against the content of health promotion campaigns for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander pregnant women from Australia. Empirical studies highlighted women sought holistic care that incorporated nicotine replacement therapy, engaged with their family and community and the potential for education about smoking cessation to empower a woman. Health promotion campaigns had a strong focus on ‘engagement with family and community’, ‘knowledge of risks of smoking,’ ‘giving up vs cutting down’ and ‘culture in language and arts’. There were similarities and variances in the key themes in the research evidence and promotion materials. Topics highly aligned included risks from smoking and quitting related issues. 
  • 857
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Cas12-Based CRISPR-Dx
Based on the current development in the field of diagnostics, the programmable clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated proteins (Cas) system appears to be a promising technology that can be further explored to create rapid, cost-effective, sensitive, and specific diagnostic tools for both laboratory and point-of-care (POC) testing.
  • 857
  • 20 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Personalized Medicine and Health Care
Generally Big data is define as "data that contains greater variety, arriving in increasing volumes and with more velocity, also known as three Vs". Big data in health care is a fast-growing field and a new paradigm that is transforming case-based studies to large-scale and data-driven research. Big data is dependent on advancement of new data standards and modern technologies related to advanced research. Therefore, the future development of big data applications holds foreseeable promise in the modern day health care revolution. The immensely amount of large and rapidly growing of biomedical omics and clinical data create major challenges and opportunities for their analysis and interpretation and open new computational gateways to address these issues.
  • 857
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Recessive Achromatopsia in Original Braunvieh Cattle
Sporadic occurrence of inherited eye disorders has been reported in cattle but so far pathogenic variants were found only for rare forms of cataract but not for retinopathies.
  • 856
  • 03 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Nutritional Status in Patients with Esophageal Cancer
Esophageal cancer is associated with shorter survival times due to the increased incidence of malnourishment and cachexia in patients with the disease, which is prevalent in patients with obesity, as well. Although the prognostic significance of the nutritional status does not mean exclusion from treatment, the need for timely nutritional assessment is important, as interventions for the treatment of malnutrition can considerably improve survival.
  • 854
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Role of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative technology with immense potential in the field of medicine. By leveraging machine learning and deep learning, AI can assist in diagnosis, treatment selection, and patient monitoring, enabling more accurate and efficient healthcare delivery. The widespread implementation of AI in healthcare has the role to revolutionize patients’ outcomes and transform the way healthcare is practiced, leading to improved accessibility, affordability, and quality of care. 
  • 850
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Urine HPV Testing
Urine HPV detection has the potential to become a most promising tool that could expand the possibilities in changing genital and cervical cancer prevention strategies as well as in the surveillance and management of genital precancer.
  • 849
  • 21 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Challenges for Artificial Intelligence in Recognizing Mental Disorders
Artificial Intelligence (AI) appears to be making important advances in the prediction and diagnosis of mental disorders. Researchers have used visual, acoustic, verbal, and physiological features to train models to predict or aid in the diagnosis, with some success. However, such systems are rarely applied in clinical practice, mainly because of the many challenges that currently exist. 
  • 849
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Undergraduate Students' Online Health Information-Seeking Behavior during COVID-19
As the COVID-19 pandemic has swept across the world, the amount of health-related information available has skyrocketed. Individuals can easily access health information through the internet, which may influence their thoughts or behavior, causing potential technological risks that may affect their lives. 
  • 848
  • 29 Dec 2021
Topic Review
QoL of Cancer Patients Receiving Enteral Nutrition
Most studies supported the positive influence of enteral nutrition on the quality of life, either assessed based on the psychological measures of the quality of life or by considering the other potential determinants (e.g., malnutrition, complications, etc.). Taking this into account, enteral nutrition should be applied whenever possible, both to prevent and treat malnutrition in cancer patients. However, considering the limited number of studies conducted so far, further research conducted in homogenic populations of patients is necessary.
  • 848
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence-Enhanced Point-of-Care Ultrasound in Low-Resource Settings
The utilization of ultrasound imaging for early visualization has been imperative in disease detection, especially in the first responder setting. Rapid advancements in the underlying technology of ultrasound have allowed for the development of portable point-of-care ultrasounds (POCUS) with handheld devices. The application of POCUS is versatile, as seen by its use in pulmonary, cardiovascular, and neonatal imaging, among many others. However, despite these advances, there is an inherent inability of translating POCUS devices to low-resource settings (LRS). To bridge these gaps, the implementation of artificial intelligence offers an interesting opportunity. This entry reviews recent applications of POCUS devices within LRS from 2016 to 2023, identifying the most commonly utilized clinical applications and areas where further innovation is needed. Furthermore, the researchers pinpoint areas of POCUS technologies that can be improved using state-of-art artificial intelligence technologies, thus enabling the widespread adoption of POCUS devices in low-resource settings.
  • 848
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Metabolic Syndrome, Cognitive Impairment and Diet
Early MetS detection may be helpful to prevent or delay cognitive decline. Moreover, this study highlights the importance of healthy nutritional habits to reverse such conditions and the urgency of early lifestyle interventions. 
  • 847
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Simulation-Based Education in Trauma Management
Trauma injuries are an important healthcare problem and one of the main leading causes of death worldwide. Researchers analyzed current practices in teaching trauma management using simulations, with the aim of summarizing them, identifying gaps and providing a critical overview on what has already been achieved.
  • 847
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Preventing Complications of Type-2 Diabetes
Diabetes is a major public health concern that is approaching epidemic proportions globally [1]. About 422 million people worldwide have diabetes, and 1.6 million deaths are directly attributed to diabetes each year. The most common is the type 2 diabetes. In the past three decades, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes has risen dramatically in countries of all income levels [2].
  • 846
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Therapeutic Aquatic Exercise in Pregnancy
Aquatic physical exercise aimed at pregnant women has proliferated in recent years, thanks to the benefits provided by the aquatic environment, such as a decrease in gravitational pull, an improved sense of physical comfort, improved mobility and flexibility, reduction of post-exercise pain and an improvement of venous return due to the increased hydrostatic pressure.
  • 846
  • 29 Mar 2022
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