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Topic Review
Calcium in Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is an inherited heart disease characterized by sudden death in young people and featured by fibro-adipose myocardium replacement, malignant arrhythmias, and heart failure. The Ca2+ toolkit is heavily remodeled in cardiomyocytes derived from a mouse model of ACM defective of the desmosomal protein plakophilin-2. Furthermore, ACM-related mutations were found in genes encoding for proteins involved in excitation‒contraction coupling, e.g., type 2 ryanodine receptor and phospholamban. 
  • 479
  • 15 Nov 2021
Topic Review
COVID-19 Pandemic for Cardiovascular Diseases in Italy
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been responsible for an epidemic of devastating proportion, and it has represented a challenge for worldwide healthcare systems with the need of resources reallocation in order to face epidemic spread. Italy was one of the hardest hit countries by COVID-19, and the Italian government adopted strict rules to contain the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, such as national lockdown and home quarantine; moreover, the Italian healthcare system had to rapidly re-organize the diagnostic and therapeutic pathways, with a reallocation of health resources and hospital beds, in order to manage COVID-19 patients. 
  • 477
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Right Ventricle-Predominant Cardiogenic Shock
Cardiogenic shock (CS) remains a highly lethal condition despite many efforts and new interventions. Patients presenting with a rapid onset of hemodynamic instability and subsequent collapse require prompt and appropriate multimodality treatment. Multiple etiologies can lead to heart failure and subsequent shock. As the case prevalence of heart failure increases worldwide, it is of great importance to explore all manners and protocols of presentation and treatment present.
  • 477
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Role of Cardiovascular Imaging in Risk Assessment
Cardiovascular imaging is progressively assuming an increasingly pivotal role, playing a crucial part in enhancing the meticulous categorization of individuals according to their risk profiles, thus enabling the customization of precise therapeutic strategies for patients with increased cardiovascular risks. Optimal risk assessment for primary prevention remains highly challenging.
  • 477
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Flow Mediated Skin Fluorescence
Flow Mediated Skin Fluorescence (FMSF) is a new non-invasive method for assessing vascular circulation and/or metabolic regulation. It enables assessment of both vasoconstriction and vasodilation. The method measures stimulation of the circulation in response to post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH). It analyzes the dynamical changes in the emission of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) fluorescence from skin tissue, providing the information on mitochondrial metabolic status and intracellular oxygen delivery through the circulatory system.
  • 475
  • 08 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Myocarditis Following mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination
The development of the mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 is unprecedented in the history of Vaccinology. The prototypes of the mRNA vaccine are BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna), which gained widespread use to prevent severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. As per CDC guidelines, these vaccines have undergone extensive testing and trials, and myocarditis and pericarditis occurred after the mRNA vaccines were not reported in trials.
  • 474
  • 17 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Disease and COVID-19
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Current data suggest that patients with cardiovascular diseases experience more serious complications with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) than those without CVD. In addition, severe COVID-19 appears to cause acute cardiac injury, as well as long-term adverse remodeling of heart tissue. Cardiac fibroblasts and myofibroblasts may play a pivotal role in both contributing to the deleterious effects of COVID-19-induced cardiac injury, as well as the healing process after cardiac injury. 
  • 474
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Stroke Genomics
The pathophysiology of stroke involves many complex pathways and risk factors. Though there are several ongoing studies on stroke, treatment options are limited, and the prevalence of stroke is continuing to increase. Understanding the genomic variants and biological pathways associated with stroke could offer novel therapeutic alternatives in terms of drug targets and receptor modulations for newer treatment methods.
  • 473
  • 09 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers in Diabetic Neuropathy
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is becoming increasingly prevalent and currently affects approximately 14.3% of the adult US population. Moreover, a further 38.0% of the adult US population has prediabetes, i.e., impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetic neuropathy is a frequent complication of both T2DM and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), and it is present in approximately 3.5–9.4% of patients who havehad T1DM for 1–5 years and in 28% of patients who havehad T2DM for > 4 –7 years. Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are the antihypertensive agents of choice for hypertensive patients with diabetes mellitus (along with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, ACE-I). ARBs act by inhibiting the binding of angiotensin II (which is produced by the cleavage of angiotensin I by the angiotensin-converting enzyme) to angiotensin receptor I, thereby promoting vasodilation and inhibiting aldosterone secretion.
  • 473
  • 03 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Anti-Obesity Effects of Wild Edible Plants
Obesity is a long-term condition resulting from a continuous imbalance between the amount of energy consumed and expended. It is associated with premature mortality and contributes to a large portion of the global chronic disease burden, including diabesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and some cancers. While lifestyle changes and dietary adjustments are the primary ways to manage obesity, they may not always be sufficient for long-term weight loss. In these cases, medication may be necessary. However, the options for drugs are limited due to their potential side effects. As a result, there is a need to identify safe and effective alternative treatments. Dietary compounds, plants, and bioactive phytochemicals have been considered as promising sources for discovering new pharmacological agents to treat obesity and its related complications. These natural products can function independently or synergistically with other plants to augment their effects at various levels of the body. They can modulate appetite, lipase activity, thermogenesis and fat synthesis and degradation, satiation, adipogenesis, and adipocyte apoptosis. Additionally, targeting adipocyte growth and differentiation with diverse medicinal plants/diet is a significant strategy for devising new anti-obesity drugs that can intervene in preadipocytes, maturing preadipocytes, and mature adipocytes.
  • 473
  • 16 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Sudden Cardiac Death in Athletes
The benefits of exercise for cardiovascular and general health are many. However, sudden cardiac death (SCD) may occur in apparently healthy athletes who perform at the highest levels. A diverse spectrum of diseases is implicated in SCD in athletes, and while atherosclerotic coronary artery disease predominates in individuals of >35 years of age, primary cardiomyopathies and ion channelopathies are prevalent in young individuals. Prevention of SCD in athletes relies on the implementation of health policies aimed at the early identification of arrhythmogenic diseases (such as cardiac screening) and successful resuscitation (such as widespread utilization of automatic external defibrillators and training members of the public on cardiopulmonary resuscitation). 
  • 472
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Imaging Cardiovascular in Chronic Kidney Disease
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients have a higher risk of developing early cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although vascular calcification (VC) is one of the strongest predictors of CVD risk, its diagnosis among the CKD population remains a serious clinical challenge. Imaging methods, henceforward referred to as imaging biomarkers, have played a crucial role in the diagnosis of VC, with important insights into cardiovascular risk. One of the reasons that may explain the struggle for accurate VC diagnosis in CKD patients is that the calcification characteristics change alongside renal deterioration and CKD progression. Novel circulating biomarkers like Fetuin-a, Matrix Gla Protein (MGP) and Gla Rich Protein (GRP), representing a more direct and unique reflection of the molecular dynamics involved in VC mechanisms, could complement VC clinical diagnostic and add value to patient care.
  • 471
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter Inhibition in Heart Failure
In the essential homeostatic role of kidney, two intrarenal mechanisms are prominent: the glomerulotubular balance driving the process of Na+ and water reabsorption in the proximal tubule, and the tubuloglomerular feedback which senses the Na+ concentration in the filtrate by the juxtaglomerular apparatus to provide negative feedback on the glomerular filtration rate. In essence, the two mechanisms regulate renal oxygen consumption. The renal hyperfiltration driven by increased glomerular filtration pressure and by glucose diuresis can affect renal O2 consumption that unleashes detrimental sympathetic activation. The sodium-glucose co-transporters inhibitors (SGLTi) can rebalance the reabsorption of Na+ coupled with glucose and can restore renal O2 demand, diminishing neuroendocrine activation.
  • 471
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is defined as HF with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) not less than 50%. HFpEF accounts for more than 50% of all HF patients, and its prevalence is increasing year to year with the aging population, with its prognosis worsening.
  • 471
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Diseases and Exosomes
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are widely recognized as the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Despite the advances in clinical management over the past decades, the underlying pathological mechanisms remain largely unknown. Exosomes have drawn the attention of researchers for their relevance in intercellular communication under both physiological and pathological conditions. These vesicles are suggested as complementary prospective biomarkers of CVDs; however, the role of exosomes in CVDs is still not fully elucidated.
  • 469
  • 25 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Risk Prediction Parameters in Rheumatic Diseases
Multiple imaging techniques, such as ECG, ultrasound, and cIMT, as well as biomarkers like osteoprotegerin cytokine receptor and angiopoietin-2, can be beneficial in both CV risk prediction and in early subclinical diagnosis. Physical exercise is an essential non-pharmacological intervention that can maintain the health of the cardiovascular system and, additionally, influence the underlying disease. Lipid-lowering drugs (methotrexate from the non-biologic DMARDs family as well as biologic DMARDs such as anti-TNF) were all associated with a lower CV risk; however, anti-TNF medication can decrease cardiac compliance and promote heart failure in patients with previously diagnosed chronic HF. Although they achieved success rates in reducing inflammation, glucocorticoids, NSAIDs, and COX-2 inhibitors were correlated with an increased risk of CVD. When taking all of the aforementioned points into consideration, there appears to be a dire need to establish and implement CVD risk stratification models in rheumatic patients. 
  • 468
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Cardiotoxicity of Cancer Chemotherapy Agents
Cardiotoxicity is defined as every cardiovascular (CV) event related to the use of cancer medication. 
  • 468
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Remote Assisted Cardiac Rehabilitation
Cardiac rehabilitation is an individualized outpatient program of physical exercises and medical education designed to accelerate recovery and improve health status in heart disease patients.  Home-based cardiac rehabilitation is a way for patients to enjoy all the benefits of clinician-supervised cardiac recovery from the comfort of their homes, under medical supervision. In addition, virtual communication, the development of digital modules, and the monitoring of vital signs are all possible with wearable devices. 
  • 467
  • 07 May 2022
Topic Review
Epigenetics and Congenital Heart Diseases
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a frequent occurrence, with a prevalence rate of almost 1% in the general population. However, the pathophysiology of the anomalous heart development is still unclear in most patients screened. A definitive genetic origin, be it single-point mutation or larger chromosomal disruptions, only explains about 35% of identified cases. The precisely choreographed embryology of the heart relies on timed activation of developmental molecular cascades, spatially and temporally regulated through epigenetic regulation: chromatin conformation, DNA priming through methylation patterns, and spatial accessibility to transcription factors. This multi-level regulatory network is eminently susceptible to outside disruption, resulting in faulty cardiac development. Similarly, the heart is unique in its dynamic development: growth is intrinsically related to mechanical stimulation, and disruption of the intrauterine environment will have a direct impact on fetal embryology. These two converging axes offer new areas of research to characterize the cardiac epigenetic regulation and identify points of fragility in order to counteract its teratogenic consequences.
  • 467
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Biomarkers of Diagnosis of Acute Cardiorenal Syndrome
An increasing number of patients have suffered from combined heart and kidney dysfunction largely known as cardiorenal syndrome (CRS). A panel of new biomarkers (in plasma and/or urine) and artificial intelligence support systems could aid in the early identification of CRS patients at risk of developing adverse outcomes.
  • 467
  • 03 Jul 2023
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