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Topic Review
COVID-19 Vaccinations
Vaccination, in general, is effective in protecting high-risk populations against severe COVID-19 infections and COVID-19-associated mortality. A summary of special population groups with regards to their features, prognosis of infection, and vaccination decision based on current evidence is listed in. Patients without contraindications should be prioritized for vaccination under the careful supervision of healthcare workers after balancing the benefits and risks of vaccinations.
  • 717
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Novel Therapeutic Strategies against Multi-Drug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) with multi-drug resistance (MDR) is a major cause of serious healthcare-associated infections, leading to high morbidity and mortality. This opportunistic pathogen is responsible for various infectious diseases, such as those seen in cystic fibrosis, ventilator-associated pneumonia, urinary tract infection, otitis externa, and burn and wound injuries. Due to its relatively large genome, P. aeruginosa has great diversity and can use various molecular mechanisms for antimicrobial resistance. 
  • 716
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Role of β-Lactams in Management of Anaerobic Infections
Anaerobic bacteria are normal inhabitants of the human commensal microbiota and play an important role in various human infections. β-lactam antibiotics are considered one of the drugs of choice in the management of anaerobic infections. This is due to their broad spectrum of activity, low toxicity, and continued efficacy against almost all anaerobic species, especially when used in combination with β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitors (BL/BLI) or carbapenems.
  • 713
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Buruli Ulcers
Buruli ulcer (BU) is a bacterial skin infection that is caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans and mainly affects people who reside in the rural areas of Africa and in suburban and beach resort communities in Australia. The infection typically begins as a painless papule or nodule that gradually develops into a large ulcer that can cause substantial impairment, damaging soft tissues and even bones.
  • 711
  • 31 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Plitidepsin: profile & anti-SARS-CoV-2 implications
Current standard treatment of COVID-19 lacks in effective antiviral options. Plitidepsin, a cyclic depsipeptide authorized in Australia for patients with refractory multiple myeloma, has recently emerged as a candidate anti-SARS-CoV-2 agent.
  • 709
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Variants and Immunity for Non-Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients
The continuing transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains a world-wide 21st-century public health emergency of concern. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused greater than 600 million cases of COVID-19 and over 6 million deaths globally. COVID-19 continues to be a highly transmissible disease despite efforts by public health officials and healthcare providers to manage and control the disease. Variants identified in selected worldwide epicenters add to the complexity of vaccine efficacy, overage, and antibody titer maintenance and bioactivity. The identification of the SARS-CoV-2 variants is described with respect to evading protective efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines and breakthrough infections. Vaccines and other therapeutics have prevented millions of SARS-CoV-2 infections and thousands of deaths in the United States.
  • 709
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Coronavirus Knowledge Graph
This entry builds a coronavirus knowledge graph (KG) by merging two information sources. The first source is Analytical Graph (AG), which integrates more than 20 different public datasets related to drug discovery. The second source is CORD-19, a collection of published scientific articles related to COVID-19. We combined both chemo genomic entities in AG with entities extracted from CORD-19 to expand knowledge in the COVID-19 domain. Before populating KG with those entities, we perform entity disambiguation on CORD-19 collections using Wikidata. Our newly built KG contains at least 21,700 genes, 2500 diseases, 94,000 phenotypes, and other biological entities (e.g., compound, species, and cell lines). We define 27 relationship types and use them to label each edge in our KG. This research presents two cases to evaluate the KG’s usability: analyzing a subgraph (ego-centered network) from the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and revealing paths between biological entities (hydroxychloroquine and IL-6 receptor; chloroquine and STAT1). The ego-centered network captured information related to COVID-19. We also found significant COVID-19-related information in top-ranked paths with a depth of three based on our path evaluation. 
  • 704
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Impact of Vitamin D in Tuberculosis
Vitamin D plays a crucial role in many infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis (TB), that remains one of the world’s top infectious killers with 1.5 million deaths from TB in 2021. Vitamin D suppresses the replication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro and showed a promising role in TB management as a result of its connection with oxidative balance.
  • 702
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Technology-Enabled Health Interventions for Adolescents with HIV
Adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV) are challenged to remain adherent and engaged in HIV care. Technology-enabled interventions can be used to optimize healthcare delivery to adolescents. The largest proportion of ALHIV resides in sub-Saharan Africa. There is weak evidence that technology-enabled health interventions for ALHIV in low and middle-income countries (LMIC) improve treatment outcomes. However, most interventions appear to be acceptable and feasible. 
  • 701
  • 17 Apr 2023
Topic Review
SputnikV Vaccine
SputnikV is a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 developed by the Gamaleya National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology. 
  • 699
  • 25 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Pandrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii
Carbapenem resistance in Gram-negative bacteria has come into sight as a serious global threat. Carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative pathogens and their main representatives Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are ranked in the highest priority category for new treatments.
  • 698
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Serotypes in Adult Pneumococcal Pneumonia
Lower respiratory tract infections are an important cause of severe disease worldwide. We studied changes in serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility in adult pneumococcal pneumonia in Spain (2011-2019). Differences were found in serotype composition and antimicrobial resistance by age and type of infection. The maintenance of serotype 3 as a leading cause of adult pneumococcal pneumonia and the increase of highly invasive (serotype 8) or antimicrobial resistant (serotype 11A) serotypes is worrisome. Further studies will be re-quired to analyse the impact of the upcoming broader conjugate vaccines.
  • 696
  • 15 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Migraine as a Disease Associated with Dysbiosis
Migraine is a painful neurological condition characterized by severe pain on one or both sides of the head. It may be linked to changes in the gut microbiota, which are influenced by antibiotic use and other factors. Dysbiosis, which develops and persists as a result of earlier antibiotic therapy, changes the composition of the intestinal flora, and can lead to the development of various diseases such as metabolic disorders, obesity, hematological malignancies, neurological or behavioral disorders, and migraine. Metabolites produced by the gut microbiome have been shown to influence the gut–brain axis. The use of probiotics as a dietary supplement may reduce the number and severity of migraine episodes. Dietary strategies can affect the course of migraines and are a valuable tool for improving migraine management. With fecal microbiota transplantation, gut microbial restoration is more effective and more durable. Changes after fecal microbiota transplantation were studied in detail, and many data help us to interpret the successful interventions. The microbiological alteration of the gut microflora can lead to normalization of the inflammatory mediators, the serotonin pathway, and influence the frequency and intensity of migraine pain.
  • 695
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Pleiotropic Effects of Statins
An emergent approach to bacterial infection is the use of host rather than bacterial-directed strategies. This approach has the potential to improve efficacy in especially challenging infection settings, including chronic, recurrent infection due to intracellular pathogens. For nearly two decades, the pleiotropic effects of statin drugs have been examined for therapeutic usefulness beyond the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. 
  • 689
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Inherent Human Susceptibility to Fungal Diseases
In medical mycology, the main context of disease is iatrogenic-based disease. However, fungal diseases affect humans with no obvious risk factors, sometimes in a spectacular fashion. The field of “inborn errors of immunity” (IEI) has deduced at least some of these previously enigmatic cases; accordingly, the discovery of single-gene disorders with penetrant clinical effects and their immunologic dissection have provided a framework with which to understand some of the key pathways mediating human susceptibility to mycoses.
  • 689
  • 14 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Melatonin in Viral, Bacterial and Parasitic Infections
The current view of the origin of melatonin (MLT), chemically defined as N-acetyl-5-methoxytriptamine, suggests that MLT appeared on earth about 2.5 billion years ago. Indeed, it is proposed that at that time, anaerobic bacteria developed the ability to synthesize MLT as an adaptative response to increasing concentrations of oxygen in the atmosphere.
  • 689
  • 21 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Infective Endocarditis in the Elderly
The term “elderly” corresponds to different ages in the literature, but it is defined by considerable comorbidity and heterogeneity. Cancer incidence, specifically colorectal cancer, is increased in older patients with IE and impacts its outcome. Diagnosis of infective endocarditis (IE) in elderly patients is challenging due to the atypical presentation of the disease and the lower performance of imaging studies. Enterococcal etiology is more frequent than in younger patients. 
  • 686
  • 21 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Psittacosis
The bacterial agent Chlamydia psittaci, and the resulting disease of psittacosis, is a little-known and underappreciated infectious disease by healthcare practitioners and in public health in general. C. psittaci infections can cause significant psittacosis outbreaks with pandemic potential, with person-to-person transmission being documented in the last decade.
  • 686
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Plant-Origin Components
Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kpn) is an opportunistic pathogen that causes intrahospital complications such as pneumonia, liver abscesses, soft tissue infections, urinary infections, bacteraemia, and, in some cases, death. Since this bacterium has a higher frequency than other Gram-negative pathogens, it has become an important pathogen to the health sector. The adaptative genome of Kpn likely facilitates increased survival of the pathogen in diverse situations.
  • 685
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Rocahepevirus ratti as Cause of Acute Hepatitis Worldwide
The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a widespread human infection that causes mainly acute infection and can evolve to a chronic manifestation in immunocompromised individuals. In addition to the common strains of hepatitis E virus (HEV-A), known as Paslahepevirus balayani, pathogenic to humans, a genetically highly divergent rat origin hepevirus (RHEV) can cause hepatitis possessing a potential risk of cross-species infection and zoonotic transmission. Rocahepevirus ratti, formerly known as Orthohepevirus C, is a single-stranded RNA virus, recently reassigned to Rocahepevirus genus in the Hepeviridae family, including genotypes C1 and C2.
  • 683
  • 22 Dec 2023
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