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Topic Review
Risk Ratio
In epidemiology, risk ratio (RR) or relative risk is the ratio of the probability of an outcome in an exposed group to the probability of an outcome in an unexposed group. It is computed as [math]\displaystyle{ I_e / I_u }[/math], where [math]\displaystyle{ I_e }[/math] is the incidence in the exposed group, and [math]\displaystyle{ I_u }[/math] is the incidence in the unexposed group. Together with risk difference and odds ratio, risk ratio measures the association between the exposure and the outcome.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Oxidative-Stress Modulators in Hematological Malignancies
Among the different mechanisms involved in oxidative stress, protein carbonylation and lipid peroxidation are both important modifications associated with the pathogenesis of several diseases, including cancer. Hematopoietic cells are particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage, as the excessive production of reactive oxygen species and associated lipid peroxidation suppress self-renewal and induce DNA damage and genomic instability, which can trigger malignancy. A richer understanding of the clinical effects of oxidative stress might improve the prognosis of these diseases and inform therapeutic strategies. The most common protein carbonylation and lipid peroxidation compounds, including hydroxynonenal, malondialdehyde, and advanced oxidation protein products, have been investigated for their potential effect on hematopoietic cells in several studies.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Jan 2021
Topic Review
3D Printing in Pharmaceutical Application
Advances in three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques and the development of tailored biomaterials have facilitated the precise fabrication of biological components and complex 3D geometrics over the past few decades. Moreover, the notable growth of 3D printing has facilitated pharmaceutical applications, enabling the development of customized drug screening and drug delivery systems for individual patients, breaking away from conventional approaches that primarily rely on transgenic animal experiments and mass production.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Hereditary Haemorrhagic Telangiectasia
Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an inherited vascular disease characterised by bleeding from small blood vessels in the nose and gastrointestinal tract and by larger arteriovenous malformations in the lungs, liver and neural tissues. Recent advances have been made in gaining a better understanding of the cell defects that cause this disease.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Thymoma Classification
Thymomas are considered one of the most prevalent types of mediastinal epithelial tumors, which frequently develop in the anterior mediastinum.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Oct 2023
Biography
John Sappington
John S. Sappington (1776-1856) was an American physician known for developing a quinine pill to treat malarial and other fever diseases in the Missouri and Mississippi valleys, where the disease was widespread. He later used the pill to prevent malaria. Because he both manufactured and sold "Dr. Sappington's Anti-Fever Pills", he became wealthy from his bestseller. From Maryland and Tennessee,
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Gluten Free Diet for IBS
The Gluten Free Diet is often considered as a diet therapy for Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) patients, in addition to the more famous and recognized Low FODMAP Diet. Evidence on its efficacy and long-term safety is scarce, but it can still be included in therapy for selected IBS patients, on the basis of specific symptoms and dietary history.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacterales
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) are significant contributors to the global public health threat of antimicrobial resistance. OXA-48-like enzymes and their variants are unique carbapenemases with low or null hydrolytic activity toward carbapenems but no intrinsic activity against expanded-spectrum cephalosporins. CPEs have been classified by the WHO as high-priority pathogens given their association with morbidity and mortality and the scarce number of effective antibiotic treatments. In Spain, the frequency of OXA-48 CPE outbreaks is higher than in other European countries, representing the major resistance mechanism of CPEs. Horizontal transfer of plasmids and poor effective antibiotic treatment are additional threats to the correct prevention and control of these hospital outbreaks. One of the most important risk factors is antibiotic pressure, specifically carbapenem overuse.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Fatty Liver
Fatty liver, or hepatic steatosis or simple steatosis, is a reversible condition wherein large vacuoles of triglyceride fat accumulate in liver cells via the process of steatosis (i.e., abnormal retention of lipids within a cell). Despite having multiple causes, fatty liver can be considered a single disease that occurs worldwide in those with excessive alcohol intake and the obese (with or without effects of insulin resistance). The condition is also associated with other diseases that influence fat metabolism. When this process of fat metabolism is disrupted, the fat can accumulate in the liver in excessive amounts, thus resulting in a fatty liver. It is difficult to distinguish alcoholic FLD, which is part of alcoholic liver disease, from nonalcoholic FLD (NAFLD), and both show microvesicular and macrovesicular fatty changes at different stages. The accumulation of fat in alcoholic or non-alcoholic steatosis may also be accompanied by a progressive inflammation of the liver (hepatitis), called steatohepatitis. This more severe condition may be termed either alcoholic steatohepatitis or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
The Development of Chronic Low Back Pain
Low back pain is the leading cause of disability worldwide, with up to 80% of the population experiencing this at some point in their life. Chronic back pain is complex and there is currently no cure for it, nor does alleviating potential causes guarantee that pain will go away. Therefore, rather than attempting to “cure” chronic pain, many clinicians, caregivers and researchers aim to help educate patients about their pain and try to help them live a better quality of life despite their condition. This may include using strategies such as pain neuroscience education (PNE) and cognitive behavior therapy. PNE, for example, is considered an intervention aimed at reconceptualizing an individual’s understanding of their pain as less threatening. A systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrated that PNE can have a significant effect in reducing pain catastrophizing as well as kinesiophobia. This is highly beneficial in pain management, as reduced catastrophic thinking can help orient a person away from their pain and towards living their life, and reduced fear helps patients to be more open to active interventions like physical therapy and exercise. Pain education is often paired with physical therapy, or used pre-emptively for things like post-operative pain.
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Music Therapy in End-of-Life Care Contexts
Certified music therapists use music within therapeutic relationships to address human needs, health, and well-being with a variety of populations. Palliative care and music therapy are holistic and diverse fields, adapting to unique issues within end-of-life contexts. Palliative care music therapy has been formally practiced since the late 1970s and affords a variety of benefits, including pain and anxiety reduction, enhancement of quality of life, emotional expression, and relationship completion. 
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress
Mitochondria are essential semi-autonomous cellular organelles with a double membrane composed by an inner (IMM) and an outer membrane (OMM).
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator
One of the key features associated with the substantial increase in life expectancy for individuals with CF is an elevated predisposition to cancer, firmly established by recent studies involving large cohorts. With the recent advances in CFTR modulator therapies and the increased long-term survival rate of individuals with CF, this is a novel challenge emerging at the forefront of this disease. However, the mechanisms linking dysfunctional CFTR to carcinogenesis have yet to be unravelled.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Persistence
The recent pandemic caused by Sars-Cov-2 has caused a lot of confusion regarding containment protocols. Unfortunately, many of the characteristics of this virus are still unclear. The purpose of this article is to clarify what are the current notions regarding the persistence of the virus in the environment. Different factors were considered such as surfaces, temperature, humidity and pH; in relation to the inactivation time of the virus.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Pulse Oximetry
Finger pulse oximeters are widely used to monitor physiological responses to high-altitude exposure, the progress of acclimatization, and/or the potential development of high-altitude related diseases. 
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Autism Diagnostic Interview
The Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) is a structured interview conducted with the parents of individuals who have been referred for the evaluation of possible autism or autism spectrum disorders. The interview, used by researchers and clinicians for decades, can be used for diagnostic purposes for anyone with a mental age of at least 24 months and measures behavior in the areas of reciprocal social interaction, communication and language, and patterns of behavior.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Hemochromatosis
Haemochromatosis, also spelled hemochromatosis, is a hereditary disease characterized by improper processing by the body of dietary iron which causes iron to accumulate in a number of body tissues, eventually causing organ dysfunction. It is the most common iron overload disorder.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Ellis-van Creveld Syndrome
Ellis-van Creveld syndrome is a rare, recessive genetic disorder. The typical signs in affected patients are dwarfism, polydactyly, dysmorphic faces and dental anomalies. 
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress in Friedreich´s Ataxia
Friedreich´s ataxia is the commonest autosomal recessive ataxia among population of European descent. Despite the huge advances performed in the last decades, a cure still remains elusive. One of the most studied hallmarks of the disease is the increased production of oxidative stress markers in patients and models. This feature has been the motivation to develop treatments that aim to counteract such boost of free radicals and to enhance the production of antioxidant defenses.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Nonobstructive Azoospermia
Hormonal stimulation of spermatogenesis prior to surgery has been tested by some authors to maximize the sperm retrieval yield in patients with nonobstructive azoospermia. Although the rationale of such an approach is theoretically sound, studies have provided conflicting results, and there are unmet questions that need to be addressed. In the study, we reviewed the current knowledge about the hormonal control of spermatogenesis, the relationship between presurgical serum hormones levels and sperm retrieval rates, and the results of studies investigating the effect of hormonal treatments prior to microdissection testicular sperm extraction.
  • 1.2K
  • 05 Feb 2021
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