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Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Supporting the Professional and Career Development of Doctoral Students
A doctoral student is someone studying for a doctoral degree, which is generally considered to be the highest academic qualification a university can award. The student develops research experience, while making an in-depth and original contribution to knowledge. They are supervised by university staff members (usually there are two, or a small panel) who train, mentor, and support the doctoral student. Professional and career development refers to support that helps students to not only grow as individuals and independent researchers, but to also have the option to successfully pursue either academic or non-academic roles after graduation. While this entry considers some international contexts, it is particularly oriented to the United Kingdom (UK) model, and to the most common doctoral degree, the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD).
  • 292
  • 19 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Heritage Language Identity Development
Learners of heritage languages (HLs) comprise a heterogeneous population. Because of their diverse backgrounds, the ways in which their HL identity develops in a study abroad (SA) context may vary.
  • 289
  • 21 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Emergent Writing in Preschool Classrooms
Emergent writing is a key component of early literacy development and contributes to later school success, yet it receives little attention in most preschool classrooms.
  • 287
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Keeping All Students Safe Act
The Keeping All Students Safe Act or KASSA refers to a pair of American legislative proposals introduced in the United States House of Representatives on April 6, 2011 as H.R. 1381 and in the Senate on December 16, 2011 as S.2020 . The bills are designed to protect children from the abuse of restraint and seclusion in school. The first Congressional bill was introduced in the United States House of Representatives on December 9, 2007 and named the Preventing Harmful Restraint and Seclusion in Schools Act. The primary sponsors of the two bills are Senator Tom Harkin (D-IA), Chair of the Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee, Congressman George Miller (D-CA), Ranking Member of the House Education and Workforce Committee, and Congressman Gregg Harper (R-MS).
  • 279
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Culturally Relevant STEM (CReST)
Convergence education, driven by compelling or complex socio-scientific problems, is an approach to bring cultural relevance into secondary STEM education. National trends show the need to increase the STEM workforce by leveraging educational research and innovative practices within the secondary level to increase student interest prior to graduating high school.
  • 279
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Design Thinking and Early School Dropout
Design Thinking (DT) is a design process originally used in the conception and validation of innovative and technologically efficient human-centered solutions for ill-formed problems. Being an iterative and collaborative process with a human point of view, DT allows adopters to improve several intrapersonal and interpersonal skills, like collaboration, creative thinking, leadership, presentation, project management, ethics, storytelling, negotiation, empathy, willingness to learn, etc. As such, DT has been adopted in several other areas and has also become highly relevant in educational contexts to develop the aforementioned skills in students. It has also been shown to contribute to minimizing the school dropout problem by keeping students motivated and integrated in the school context. 
  • 277
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Job Burnout amongst University Administrative Staffs in China
It is widely accepted that administrative staff, as important components of a university’s workforce, play a critical role in realizing the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The worth of administrative staff is based on their productivity, and this has a significant impact on the viability of universities. In the higher education context, job burnout has many costs for the university and the staff themselves which are associated with a loss of job satisfaction, poor career identity, low organizational commitment, and poor well-being.
  • 270
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Project-Based Learning to Decolonising Assessment in Higher Education
Decolonising the curriculum (DtC) is an emerging concept that continues to challenge higher education institutions globally, with educators and scholars increasingly recognising how traditional curricular structures, content, and pedagogical practices can reinforce colonial biases and marginalise certain student groups. DtC can be seen as a process rather than a phenomenon, one which is ongoing and multiplexed, consisting of elements that aim to dismantle the hierarchy between staff and students and question the ways in which knowledge is produced, valued, and disseminated. The expected outcome is to provide students with an education which is equitable, inclusive, and relevant to their personal lives and experiences. Efforts in DtC have continued to gain traction, but assessment practices remain overlooked as a crucial component, with most decolonising efforts focussed towards content and pedagogy. 
  • 264
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Control–Value Theory and Achievement Emotions
Control–value theory is a theoretical framework that integrates antecedents of achievement emotions with the motivational, information processing, and self-regulative effects of those emotions. Distal antecedents include the cultural, environmental, and social context of learning (e.g., school ethos and quality of instruction).
  • 259
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Visual Cueing and Eye-Tracking Technology in Education
Visual cueing has been widely utilized in the practice of online learning. Visual cues like bold text, colors, arrows, or underlining are used to highlight important information in online materials. Online multimedia resources like video may use visual cues like blinking, highlighting, or zooming in on important details. Eye-tracking data can provide valuable insights into learners’ visual behaviors, revealing what they are looking at, how long they focus on specific elements, and the sequences of their gazes’ movements across different representations. 
  • 257
  • 25 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Teaching Life Skills in PE within Different Traditions
The interest in life skills development through sport and physical education (PE) has been perceptible for the past. Life skills have been defined by the World Health Organisation as “abilities for adaptative and positive behaviour, that enable individuals to deal effectively with the demands and challenges of everyday life”and paired to reveal five main life skills “areas”: decision making—problem solving; creative thinking—critical thinking; communication—interpersonal relationships; self-awareness—empathy; coping with emotions—coping with stress.
  • 255
  • 25 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Social Media and Artificial Intelligence
Prior to and during the pandemic, social media platforms such as Twitter and Facebook emerged as dynamic online spaces for diverse communities facilitating engagement and learning. As with all technology, social media is also riddled with complex issues and unfortunately, is increasingly considered unsafe. The emergence and popularity of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) tools such as ChatGPT, Lensa AI, and Canva Magic Write present new challenges and opportunities and cannot be avoided by the educational communities.
  • 252
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Educational Constructivism
A perspective on learning and teaching that considers knowledge must be constructed by the individual learner using available interpretive resources, and where learners are likely to misconstrue instruction without well-designed teaching that is informed by knowledge of learners’ ideas.
  • 250
  • 12 Oct 2024
Topic Review
Cooperative Teaching Practices
The educational challenges of diverse and multicultural societies require responses from a socio-critical approach that analyses reality from broad perspectives such as cultural pluralism that permeates educational interventions, including teaching practices. This is a multidimensional process that requires continuous communication and cooperation processes.
  • 248
  • 02 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Integrate Artificial Intelligence into Teaching
Artificial intelligence (AI) is no longer science fiction. It is so close to our daily life that there is even existing legislation and norming like in an ISO standard. But despite these developments, AI has barely entered the consciousness of ordinary users of IT. In an academic context, the importance of AI is well recognized and there are notable efforts to integrate AI into teaching and development of teaching, for example, in curricular development or even to pass an exam. 
  • 247
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Emergency Remote Teaching in Higher Education
The COVID-19 crisis has considerably changed the educational landscape and resulted in a scientific debate on the efficacy and prospects of online education. Ongoing research is focused on analyzing the psychological and instructional difficulties faced by both educators and learners during emergency remote teaching (ERT).
  • 242
  • 06 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Hsian-Tsao in Response to Heat-Induced Skin Damage
Hsian-tsao, a safe, heat-resistant ingredient that can be eaten and applied, and its extract products were examined for their potential applicability as a countermeasure for problems that may arise in the skin due to global warming. This includes being flexible and responsive to changes in consumer demand due to global warming.
  • 238
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
The Internationalisation of Higher Education
The number of international students enrolled in tertiary education outside their home countries has increased significantly. This enrollment increment is due to the global demand for higher education, the perceived value of studying at prestigious or highly ranked higher institutions abroad, and better employment opportunities in the home or host country after graduation. Host countries reap economic and workforce benefits from the presence of international students in their universities. Because of this, many countries are now attempting to attract international students through academic promotion, quality education, common culture, and by forming social and diplomatic relationships. Their higher education institutions adopt various strategies in response to globalisation and internationalisation, a signal that there have been profound structural and social initiatives as educational providers have invested in sustaining global relevance and survival. 
  • 237
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Collaborative Writing for University Student
University students are frequently required to collaborate, often in the form of collaborative writing tasks. The process as well as the outcomes of the collaboration depend on choices made during the group formation phase. 
  • 237
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Immersive Virtual Classroom in Synchronous Remote Learning
Immersive virtual classroom (IVC) is a streaming platform that incorporates an augmented reality component into the materials used in synchronous learning and allows the production of engaging audiovisual educational resources as instructional videos. It requires no post-production time and was developed during the COVID-19 pandemic at the University of Cauca. IVC performs a live composition of audiovisual material (type slides) with video of the instructor, allowing an online interaction between the instructor and their slides while the interlocutors watch in a live transmission in full HD quality (1920 × 1080 pixels) and interact with the instructor via audio using a conventional videoconferencing platform.
  • 235
  • 13 Nov 2023
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