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Topic Review
Very-High-Temperature Reactor
The very-high-temperature reactor (VHTR), or high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR), is a Generation IV reactor concept that uses a graphite-moderated nuclear reactor with a once-through uranium fuel cycle. The VHTR is a type of high-temperature reactor (HTR) that can conceptually have an outlet temperature of 1000 °C. The reactor core can be either a "prismatic block" (reminiscent of a conventional reactor core) or a "pebble-bed" core. The high temperatures enable applications such as process heat or hydrogen production via the thermochemical sulfur–iodine cycle.
  • 981
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Tethered-Bilayer Lipid Membranes
Membrane proteins (MPs) are essential for cellular functions. Understanding the functions of MPs is crucial as they constitute an important class of drug targets. However, MPs are a challenging class of biomolecules to analyze because they cannot be studied outside their native environment. Their structure, function and activity are highly dependent on the local lipid environment, and these properties are compromised when the protein does not reside in the cell membrane. Mammalian cell membranes are complex and composed of different lipid species. Model membranes have been developed to provide an adequate environment to envisage MP reconstitution. Among them, tethered-Bilayer Lipid Membranes (tBLMs) appear as the best model because they allow the lipid bilayer to be decoupled from the support. Thus, they provide a sufficient aqueous space to envisage the proper accommodation of large extra-membranous domains of MPs, extending outside. Additionally, as the bilayer remains attached to tethers covalently fixed to the solid support, they can be investigated by a wide variety of surface-sensitive analytical techniques.
  • 981
  • 03 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Quad Flat No-leads Package
Flat no-leads packages such as quad-flat no-leads (QFN) and dual-flat no-leads (DFN) physically and electrically connect integrated circuits to printed circuit boards. Flat no-leads, also known as micro leadframe (MLF) and SON (small-outline no leads), is a surface-mount technology, one of several package technologies that connect ICs to the surfaces of PCBs without through-holes. Flat no-lead is a near chip scale plastic encapsulated package made with a planar copper lead frame substrate. Perimeter lands on the package bottom provide electrical connections to the PCB. Flat no-lead packages include an exposed thermal pad to improve heat transfer out of the IC (into the PCB). Heat transfer can be further facilitated by metal vias in the thermal pad. The QFN package is similar to the quad-flat package (QFP), and a ball grid array (BGA).
  • 978
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Heart Rate Monitoring of Livestock
For all homoeothermic living organisms, heart rate (HR) is a core variable to control the metabolic energy production in the body, which is crucial to realize essential bodily functions. Consequently, HR monitoring is becoming increasingly important in research of farm animals, not only for production efficiency, but also for animal welfare. Real-time HR monitoring for humans has become feasible though there are still shortcomings for continuously accurate measuring. This paper is an effort to estimate whether it is realistic to get a continuous HR sensor for livestock that can be used for long term monitoring. The review provides the reported techniques to monitor HR of living organisms by emphasizing their principles, advantages, and drawbacks. Various properties and capabilities of these techniques are compared to check the potential to transfer the mostly adequate sensor technology of humans to livestock in term of application. Based upon this review, we conclude that the photoplethysmographic (PPG) technique seems feasible for implementation in livestock. Therefore, we present the contributions to overcome challenges to evolve to better solutions. Our study indicates that it is realistic today to develop a PPG sensor able to be integrated into an ear tag for mid-sized and larger farm animals for continuously and accurately monitoring their HRs.
  • 971
  • 16 Nov 2020
Biography
Jim Bell
James Dalton Bell (born 1958) is an American crypto-anarchist who created the idea of arranging for anonymously sponsored assassination payments via the Internet, which he called "assassination politics".[1] He was imprisoned on felony charges of tax evasion in 1997.[1] In 2001, Wired called Bell "one of the Internet's most famous essayists"[2] and "the world's most notorious crypto-convict".[3]
  • 971
  • 30 Dec 2022
Biography
James Bullough Lansing
James Bullough Lansing (born James Martini, January 14, 1902 – September 24, 1949) was a pioneering American audio engineer and loudspeaker designer who was most notable for establishing two audio companies that bear his name, Altec Lansing and JBL, the latter taken from his initials, JBL. James Martini was born on January 14, 1902, in Greenridge, Nilwood Township, Macoupin County, Illino
  • 964
  • 28 Dec 2022
Topic Review
AMD Radeon 400 Series
The Radeon 400 series is a series of graphics cards made by AMD. These cards were the first to feature the Polaris GPUs, using the new 14 nm FinFET manufacturing process. The Polaris family initially included two new chips in the Graphics Core Next (GCN) family (Polaris 10 and Polaris 11). Polaris implements the 4th generation of the Graphics Core Next instruction set, and shares commonalities with the previous GCN microarchitectures.
  • 963
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
POWER10
POWER10 designates a proposed superscalar, multithreading, multi-core microprocessor family, based on the open source Power ISA, and announced in August 2020 at the Hot Chips conference; systems with POWER10 CPUs are intended to reach customers in the fourth quarter of 2021. The processor is designed to have 15 cores available, but a spare core will be included during manufacture to cost-effectively allow for yield issues. POWER10-based processors will be manufactured by Samsung using a 7 nm process with 18 layers of metal and 18 billion transistors on a 602 mm2 silicon die. The main features of POWER10 are higher performance per watt, and better memory and I/O architectures, with a focus on artificial intelligence (AI) workloads.
  • 962
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Transparent Wood Composites
Transparent wood composites are novel wood materials which have up to 90% transparency and some higher mechanical properties than wood itself, made for the first time in 1992. When these materials are made commercially available, a significant benefit is expected due to their inherent biodegradable properties; however, this has the axiomatic disadvantage of being problematic for long-term construction. These materials are significantly more biodegradable than glass and plastics. Transparent wood is also shatterproof. On the other hand, concerns may be relevant due to the use of non-biodegradable plastics for long-lasting purposes such as in buildings. File:Example of Transparent Wood and Light diffusion.webm
  • 961
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Digital and Smart Cities
Mobility is notoriously a key aspect of our modern economy and humans' way of life. In an edge situation such as the current coronavirus pandemic, transportation is one of the first affected mechanisms of a city. In our paper, we highlight the potential of operations research and computational intelligence tools for cities' services. The contributions involves aspects of optimization, internet-of-thing and internet-of-value (brought with concepts of Blockchain). When we sum up all these tools, it becomes possible to envision the potential that emerging software and systems can bring to society, associated with the wave of innovation surroundings the smart cities.
  • 960
  • 21 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Homogenization in the Dairy Industry
The homogenization treatment and the main effects responsible for its application in the food industry are defined. It is shown how the main applications have evolved towards the increase of the functionality of food and valorization of waste from the food industry as a consequence of technological development of valves and the higher pressures applied. Finally, high pressure homogenization technology is recognized as a soft and green technology with great potential for use in the food industry.
  • 960
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Server Immersion Cooling
Immersion cooling is an IT cooling practice by which IT components and other electronics, including complete servers, are submerged in a thermally conductive dielectric liquid or coolant. Heat is removed from the system by circulating liquid into direct contact with hot components, then through cool heat exchangers. Fluids suitable for immersion cooling have very good insulating properties to ensure that they can safely come into contact with energized electronic components.
  • 960
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Khalili Collection of Japanese Art
The Khalili Collection of Japanese Art is a private collection of decorative art from Meiji-era (1868–1912) Japan , assembled by the British-Iranian scholar, collector and philanthropist Nasser D. Khalili. With more than 1,400 objects in total, it is comparable only to the collection of the Japanese imperial family in terms of size and quality. The collection includes metalwork, enamels, ceramics, and lacquered objects, including works by artists of the imperial court that were exhibited at the Great Exhibitions of the late 19th century. Rather than covering the whole range of Meiji-era decorative art, Khalili has focused on objects of the highest technical and artistic quality. He observed that Japanese arts were less well-documented than European arts of the same period, despite being technically superior: "Whilst one could argue it is relatively easy to replicate a Fabergé, to replicate the work of the Japanese master is nigh on impossible." The collection is one of eight assembled, published, and exhibited by Khalili, and one of three that feature art works from Japan, along with the Khalili Collection of Kimono and the Khalili Collection of Enamels of the World. Although the collection is not on permanent public display, its objects are lent to cultural institutions and have appeared in many exhibitions from 1994 onwards. Exhibitions drawing exclusively from the collection have been held at the British Museum, Israel Museum, Van Gogh Museum, Portland Museum, Moscow Kremlin Museums, and other institutions worldwide. As well as assembling these collections, Khalili founded the Kibo Foundation (from the Japanese word for "hope") to promote the study of art and design of the Meiji era, publishing scholarship about the collection and its historical context.
  • 960
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Stairlift
A stair lift is a mechanical device for lifting people, typically those with disabilities, up and down stairs. For sufficiently wide stairs, a rail is mounted to the treads of the stairs. A chair or lifting platform is attached to the rail. A person gets onto the chair or platform and is lifted up or down the stairs by the chair which moves along the rail. Stairlifts are known variously as stair lifts, stair-lifts, chair lifts, stair gliders and by other names. This type of chair lift should not be confused with the chairlift used by skiers. The term stair climber can refer either to stair lifts, or more commonly to the exercise equipment by the same name. Some of the first stair lifts to be produced commercially were advertised and sold in the U.S. in the 1930s by the Inclinator Company of America. Many users at the time were victims of polio. Now they are seen for use in elderly, fall-prone individuals, and the disabled who are unable to navigate stairs safely.
  • 959
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Postcrossing
Postcrossing is an online project that allows its members to send and receive postcards from all over the world. The project's tag line is "send a postcard and receive a postcard back from a random person somewhere in the world!” Its members, also known as postcrossers, send postcards to other members and receive postcards back from other random postcrossers. Where the postcards come from is always a surprise. Postcrossing is the union of the words "postcard" and "crossing" and its origin "is loosely based on the Bookcrossing site". However, the "crossing" or exchange of postcards works in a different way. A member sends a postcard to another postcrosser and receives a postcard back from a random postcrosser. Exchanges between the same two members only occur once; although direct swaps between members happen, they are not part of the official happenings on the site. The project is completely free and anyone with an address can create an account. The postcards and postage fees to mail them are the responsibility of each user. By February 2018 Postcrossing had more than 719,000 members in 212 countries who had registered and exchanged over 45 million postcards that traveled over 229 billion kilometers. The highest concentration of Postcrossing members reside (in order) in Russia, Taiwan, China, the United States, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Finland and the Czech Republic, each with over 20,000 members. Globally, most postcrossers reside in North America, Europe and East Asia. Of particular note, Postcrossing is popular in eastern European and former-Soviet states. As of January 2012, more than a quarter of the combined total of postcards were sent from Finland, Russia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine.
  • 959
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
PSO-1
The PSO-1 (Прицел Снайперский Оптический, Pritsel Snaipersky Optichesky, "Optical Sniper Sight") is a telescopic sight manufactured in Russia by the Novosibirsk instrument-making factory (NPZ Optics State Plant) and issued with the Russian military Dragunov sniper rifle. The PSO-1 was, at the time of its introduction on 3 July 1963 together with the Dragunov sniper rifle, the most technically advanced telescopic sight ever designed for a mass-production designated marksman or sniper rifle.
  • 957
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Vehicular Ad-hoc Network
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are created by applying the principles of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) – the spontaneous creation of a wireless network of mobile devices – to the domain of vehicles. VANETs were first mentioned and introduced in 2001 under "car-to-car ad-hoc mobile communication and networking" applications, where networks can be formed and information can be relayed among cars. It was shown that vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-roadside communications architectures will co-exist in VANETs to provide road safety, navigation, and other roadside services. VANETs are a key part of the intelligent transportation systems (ITS) framework. Sometimes, VANETs are referred as Intelligent Transportation Networks While, in the early 2000s, VANETs were seen as a mere one-to-one application of MANET principles, they have since then developed into a field of research in their own right. By 2015,(p3) the term VANET became mostly synonymous with the more generic term inter-vehicle communication (IVC), although the focus remains on the aspect of spontaneous networking, much less on the use of infrastructure like Road Side Units (RSUs) or cellular networks.
  • 956
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
ERYX
ERYX is a short-range portable SACLOS-based wire-guided anti-tank missile (ATGM) produced by European company MBDA. It is used by several countries, including the Canadian Army, French, and Norwegian armies. The weapon can also be used against bunkers and pillboxes. It also has some capability in the anti aircraft role to bring down low flying helicopters, due to its wire guided system. An agreement was reached in 1989 between the French and Canadian governments to co-produce the ERYX missile system. It entered service in 1994.
  • 955
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Heckler & Koch HK69A1
The HK69A1 is a 40 mm grenade launcher developed and produced by the German arms manufacturer Heckler & Koch (H&K). The weapon was designed to engage enemy troops and strongpoints out to a distance of 350 m; it can also be used to deploy smoke grenades and illumination flares.
  • 955
  • 05 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Microfluidics to Study Membrane Filtration
Membrane filtration processes are best known for their application in the water, oil, and gas sectors, but also in food production they play an eminent role. Filtration processes are known to suffer from a decrease in efficiency in time due to e.g., particle deposition, also known as fouling and pore blocking. Although these processes are not very well understood at a small scale, smart engineering approaches have been used to keep membrane processes running. Microfluidic devices have been increasingly applied to study membrane filtration processes and accommodate observation and understanding of the filtration process at different scales, from nanometer to millimeter and more. In combination with microscopes and high-speed imaging, microfluidic devices allow real time observation of filtration processes.
  • 952
  • 24 Nov 2020
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