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Topic Review
Electrohydrodynamic Atomization
Electrohydrodynamic atomization, which comprises electrospray and electrospinning, is a physical process induced by an external electric field. The setup of EHDA is relatively simple, consisting of a high-voltage source (positive or negative) that provides external electrical energy and a precursor feeding source mounted with a metal capillary nozzle facing a conductive collector. Although EHDA can be operated in an atmospheric environment, the setup is usually placed in a fume hood with good electrical isolation and ventilation to ensure safety while maintaining the temperature and relative humidity of the workspace.
  • 1.4K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Silicon Integrated Photonics Technologies for Sensing Applications
Silicon (Si) photonics has emerged as one of the most viable technical platforms for manufacturing a range of functional optical components because of the fast advances in technology over the last decade. Si photonics exploration and deployment have accelerated in previous years, as both photonic component performance and photonic integration complexity have been greatly enhanced and increased. It assists a variety of applications, involving datacom and telecom, as well as sensors, such as light detection and ranging (LIDAR), gyroscopes, biosensors, and spectrometers.
  • 1.4K
  • 20 May 2022
Topic Review
Polymer–Lipid Pharmaceutical Nanocarriers
Some issues in pharmaceutical therapies such as instability, poor membrane permeability, and bi-oavailability of drugs can be solved by the design of suitable delivery systems based on the com-bination of two pillar classes of ingredients: polymers and lipids. At the same time, modern tech-nologies are required to overcome production limitations (low productivity, high energy con-sumption, expensive setup, long process times) to pass at the industrial level.
  • 1.4K
  • 19 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Chinese Herb-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles by Phytonanotechnology
Biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are potential antimicrobial agents commonly used in clinical treatment, such as wound dressing, topical ointments and anticancer agents. Recently, AgNPs with leaf and root extract ofPanax ginsenghave been successfully synthesized and showed potential antimicrobial activity. Different parts of Chinese herbs, including leaves, stenches, roots, and fruit extract, are widely applied for curing diseases.
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels in Drug Delivery
Stimuli-responsive hydrogels, also known as smart hydrogels, exhibit responsiveness to diverse external stimuli. These gels can undergo reversible or irreversible changes in physical or chemical properties upon exposure to stimuli, enabling a highly controllable drug release pattern. This capability contributes to achieving precise drug administration and enhancing treatment effectiveness and safety.
  • 1.4K
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Plasmonic Biosensors for Single-molecule Detection
Plasmonic biosensing has enabled the design of novel detection strategies capable of targeting individual molecules while evaluating their binding affinity and biological interactions.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Nanocarbon-Based Flame Retardant Polymer Nanocomposites
Nanocarbon materials have attracted the interest of researchers due to their excellent properties. Nanocarbon-based flame retardant polymer composites have enhanced thermal stability and mechanical properties compared with traditional flame retardant composites. 
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Aug 2021
Topic Review
RNAi Delivery
Bone-related injury and disease constitute a significant global burden both socially and economically. Current treatments have many limitations and thus the development of new approaches for bone-related conditions is imperative. Gene therapy is an emerging approach for effective bone repair and regeneration, with notable interest in the use of RNA interference (RNAi) systems to regulate gene expression in the bone microenvironment. Calcium phosphate nanoparticles represent promising materials for use as non-viral vectors for gene therapy in bone tissue engineering applications due to their many favorable properties, including biocompatibility, osteoinductivity, osteoconductivity, and strong affinity for binding to nucleic acids. However, low transfection rates present a significant barrier to their clinical use. This article reviews the benefits of calcium phosphate nanoparticles for RNAi delivery and highlights the role of surface functionalization in increasing calcium phosphate nanoparticles stability, improving cellular uptake and increasing transfection efficiency. Currently, the underlying mechanistic principles relating to these systems and their interplay during in vivo bone formation is not wholly understood. Furthermore, the optimal microRNA targets for particular bone tissue regeneration applications are still unclear. Therefore, further research is required in order to achieve the optimal calcium phosphate nanoparticles-based systems for RNAi delivery for bone tissue regeneration.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Magnetic Plasmonic Particles for Bioapplications
The surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique, that uses magnetic plasmonic particles (MPPs), is an advanced SERS detection platform owing to the synergetic effects of the particles’ magnetic and plasmonic properties. As well as being an ultrasensitive and reliable SERS material, MPPs perform various functions, such as aiding in separation, drug delivery, and acting as a therapeutic material.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Medical and Dental Applications of Titania Nanoparticles
Titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles are successfully employed in human food, drugs, cosmetics, advanced medicine, and dentistry because of their non-cytotoxic, non-allergic, and bio-compatible nature when used in direct close contact with the human body. These NPs are the most versatile oxides as a result of their acceptable chemical stability, lower cost, strong oxidation properties, high refractive index, and enhanced aesthetics. These NPs are fabricated by conventional (physical and chemical) methods and the latest biological methods (biological, green, and biological derivatives), with their advantages and disadvantages in this epoch. The significance of TiO2 NPs as a medical material includes drug delivery release, cancer therapy, orthopedic implants, biosensors, instruments, and devices, whereas their significance as a dental biomaterial involves dentifrices, oral antibacterial disinfectants, whitening agents, and adhesives. In addition, TiO2 NPs play an important role in orthodontics (wires and brackets), endodontics (sealers and obturating materials), maxillofacial surgeries (implants and bone plates), prosthodontics (veneers, crowns, bridges, and acrylic resin dentures), and restorative dentistry (GIC and composites).
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Bimetal CuFe Nanoparticles
Bimetal CuFe (copper-iron) nanoparticles, which are based on the earth-abundant and inexpensive metals, have generated a great deal of interest in recent years. The fusion of the unique properties of copper and iron in one single entity may result in the formation of nanocomposites with multifunctional properties (magnetic, catalytic, electrical) and their potential applications in the areas of electronics, photonics, and catalysis.
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles for Their Biomedical Applications
Nanoparticles can be synthesized through physical, chemical, and biological routes, where biologically synthesized nanoparticles are also referred to as biogenic-synthesized nanoparticles or bionanoparticles. Bionanoparticles exploit the inherent reducing property of biological entities to develop cost-effective, non-toxic, time-efficient, sustainable, and stable nanosized particles. There is a wide array biomedical focus on metallic nanoparticles, especially silver nanoparticles, due to their distinctive physiochemical properties making them a suitable therapeutic molecule carrier. This research aims to provide a broad insight into the various classes of living organisms that can be exploited for the development of silver nanoparticles, and elaboratively review the interdisciplinary biomedical applications of biogenically synthesized silver nanoparticles in health and life sciences domains.
  • 1.3K
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Graphene Oxide Hybrids for Environmental Applications
Graphene-oxide-based metal hybrids (GM) are used for the rapid and efficient reduction and removal of toxic adulterants in the environment. The exceptionally high specific surface area, versatile surface chemistry, and exceptional customization efficiency of graphene oxide nanosheets combined with the adaptable chemistry of metal nanoparticles enable the formation of GM hybrid nanocomposites. However, little is known about the architecture of GM nanocomposite engineering, interaction mechanisms, and environmental compatibility.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Carbon Nanodots-Based Nano-Biosensors
Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) were a modern form of nanostructure that demonstrated excellent qualities for diagnosis and therapy. Controlling QDs size and distribution made it simple to adjust their electrical and optical characteristics. Yet, since certain semiconductor QDs include hazardous substances such as, cadmium, arsenic, selenium, and mercury, they have several disadvantages. One such disadvantage is cytotoxicity. As a result, these QDs are neither environmentally friendly nor biodegradable. On the other hand, since their inception in 2004, carbon nanodots (CNDs) have been recognized as a strong contender to replace the extremely dangerous metallic semiconductor class of quantum dots. This is partly because the characteristics of carbon quantum dots are widely acknowledged to include their nanoscale size, roughly flat or spherical morphologies, great water solubility, broad absorption in the UV-visible light spectrum, and vibrant fluorescence. CNDs have an amorphous or nanocrystalline center, mainly sp2 carbon, graphite grid spacing, and outside oxygenic functional groups, allowing for water solubility and subsequent complexation. 
  • 1.3K
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms of Exosomes
Exosomes are effective therapeutic vehicles that may transport their substances across cells. They are shown to possess the capacity to affect cell proliferation, migration, anti-apoptosis, anti-scarring, and angiogenesis, via the action of transporting molecular components. Possessing immense potential in regenerative medicine, exosomes, especially stem cell-derived exosomes, have the advantages of low immunogenicity, minimal invasiveness, and broad clinical applicability. Exosome biodistribution and pharmacokinetics may be altered, in response to recent advancements in technology, for the purpose of treating particular illnesses.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Synthesis of Silver Nanostructure
Silver nanoparticles are one of the commonly used metal materials for SP because of their high sensitivity to refractive index change, convenient synthesis, and high controllable degree of shape and size. Silver nanoparticles of different sizes and shapes are used in many fields. Various synthesis methods have undergone many improvements over time and technological developments in order to provide precise control over the shape and size of the synthesized silver nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticle fabrication is usually divided into two categories: top-down and bottom-up.
  • 1.3K
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Spinel Ferrite (MFe2O4) Chemiresistive Based Gas Sensors
Gas-sensing technology has gained significant attention in recent years due to the increasing concern for environmental safety and human health caused by reactive gases. In particular, spinel ferrite (MFe2O4), a metal oxide semiconductor with a spinel structure, has emerged as a promising material for gas-sensing applications. 
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Photovoltaic-Assisted Photo(electro)catalytic Hydrogen Production
The idea of supporting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has inspired researchers around the world to explore more environmentally friendly energy generation and production methods, especially those related to solar and hydrogen energy. Among the various available sustainable energy technologies, photo(electro)catalytic hydrogen production has been competitively explored, benefiting from its versatile platform to utilize solar energy for green hydrogen production. Nevertheless, the bottleneck of this photo(electro)catalytic system lies within its high voltage required for water electrolysis (>1.23 V), which affects the economic prospects of this sustainable technology. In this regard, coupling the photo(electro)catalytic system with a solar-powered photovoltaic (PV) system (PV-PEC) to unleash the fascinating properties and readiness of this system has heightened attention among the scientific community. 
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles from WPCBs
Waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs), constituting approximately 10% of all electronic waste (e-waste), are particularly intriguing due to their high content of valuable metals and rare earth elements.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Optimal Factors for Alginate Nanofabrication
On this note, biodegradable polymeric nanocarrier is deemed to control the release of the drug, stabilize labile molecules from degradation and site-specific drug targeting, with the main aim of reducing the dosing frequency and prolonging the therapeutic outcomes. Thus, it is essential to select the appropriate biopolymer material, e.g., sodium alginate to formulate nanoparticles for controlled drug delivery. Alginate has attracted considerable interest in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications as a matrix material of nanocarriers due to its inherent biological properties, including good biocompatibility and biodegradability. Various techniques have been adopted to synthesize alginate nanoparticles in order to introduce more rational, coherent, efficient and cost-effective properties.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Nov 2020
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