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Topic Review
Acute Coronary Syndromes and Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) induces a process of systemic inflammation, sharing common ground with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Growing evidence points towards a possible association between IBD and an increased risk of ACS.
  • 928
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
CtDNA for Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. While there have been significant developments in the treatments for patients with metastatic CRC in recent years, improving outcomes in the adjuvant setting has been more challenging. Recent technological advances in circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) assay with the ability to detect minimal residual disease (MRD) after curative intent surgery will fundamentally change how we assess recurrence risk and conduct adjuvant trials. Studies in non-metastatic CRC have now demonstrated the prognostic impact of ctDNA analysis after curative intent surgery over and above current standard of care clinicopathological criteria.
  • 927
  • 03 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Human Diseases
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are organic acids whose carbon chain is composed of less than six carbons. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) play a key role in health and disease, as they regulate gut homeostasis and their deficiency is involved in the pathogenesis of several disorders, including inflammatory bowel diseases, colorectal cancer, and cardiometabolic disorders. SCFAs play a significant anti-inflammatory role in the regulation of immune function, taking part in the prevention of various inflammatory chronic disorders. SCFAs are metabolites of specific bacterial taxa of the human gut microbiota, and their production is influenced by specific foods or food supplements, mainly prebiotics, by the direct fostering of these taxa.
  • 926
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is currently the third most frequent form of malignancy and the second in terms of mortality. Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are recognized risk factors for this type of cancer. Despite a worldwide increase in the incidence of CRC, the risk of CRC-related death in IBD patients has declined over time, probably because of successful surveillance strategies, the use of more effective drugs in the management of remission and improved indications to colectomy. 
  • 925
  • 21 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Chromosomal Instability and Its Role in Therapeutics Response
Variation in chromosome structure is a central source of DNA damage and DNA damage response, together representinga major hallmark of chromosomal instability. Treatment of cancer usually includes surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy. The activity of radiotherapy and most chemotherapy drugs induces DNA damage in proliferating tumor cells. For example, platinum drugs that are effective against cancer cells form DNA adducts. Other drugs, such as anthracyclines induce DNA damage by inhibiting DNA topoisomerases and promoting the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). In normal cells, DNA damage can be immediately recognized by a DNA damage response (DDR), which activates checkpoints for cell-cycle arrest and DNA repair. In cancer cells, DNA damage per se may be responsible for defective chromosome segregation and chromosomal instability (CIN) or the anomalous binding of DDR proteins to DNA or chromatin proteins. 
  • 925
  • 11 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Lifestyle and Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Liver cancer remains a global health challenge, and while infection by hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus are the main risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis is associated with metabolic syndrome or diabetes mellitus is becoming a more frequent risk factor.
  • 923
  • 07 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Obesity and Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory colon diseases, which are a global health concern, include a variety of gastrointestinal tract disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer. The pathogenesis of these colon disorders involves immune alterations with the pronounced infiltration of innate and adaptive immune cells into the intestines and the augmented expression of mucosal pro-inflammatory cytokines stimulated by commensal microbiota. Epidemiological studies during the past half century have shown that the proportion of obese people in a population is associated with the incidence and pathogenesis of gastrointestinal tract disorders. The advancement of understanding of the immunological basis of colon disease has shown that adipocyte-derived biologically active substances (adipokines) modulate the role of innate and adaptive immune cells in the progress of intestinal inflammation. 
  • 918
  • 30 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Endoscopic Stenting for Malignant Dysphagia with Esophageal Cancer
Malignant dysphagia is a common problem in patients with esophageal cancer. Endoscopic stenting can resolve dysphagia caused by malignant stricture; however, controversy exists regarding the use of esophageal stenting for the treatment of malignant stricture, including whether stenting or radiotherapy is superior, whether stenting before or after radiotherapy is safe, whether stenting before or after chemotherapy is safe, and whether low-radial-force stents are safer than conventional stents. 
  • 916
  • 27 Jun 2023
Topic Review
FOXO3 as a Novel Biomarker in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents one of the main causes of cancer-related death worldwide. The transcription factor forkhead box O3 (FOXO3) has been related to hepatic diseases and tumor progression, but the exact role played by FOXO3 on HCC still remains unclear. Recently, a novel systematic review with meta-analysis revealed the potential diagnostic and prognostic value of FOXO3 in this primary liver cancer type.
  • 915
  • 05 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Systemic Therapies for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Clinical treatment of Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in initial stages includes surgical therapies, resection or tumor ablation, transplantation and transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). In advanced HCC, useful systemic therapies were not available for patients until 2007, when sorafenib was approved.After years without major therapeutic improvements and with increasing incidence, finally advances are arriving for HCC treatment. Sorafenib is no longer the only systemic therapy for patients, and novel combinations are already working in clinical trials. Accumulating data demonstrate that etiology and the HCC microenvironment have a major influence on tumor growth and immune control. The improved knowledge of the specific molecular mechanisms involved is expected to provide evidence-based information critical for clinical management.
  • 915
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Angiogenesis in NAFLD
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the leading cause of chronic liver disease, exposing to the risk of liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
  • 914
  • 19 Apr 2021
Topic Review
FOXO3, Autophagy and Sorafenib Resistance in Human Hepatocarcinoma
Early development of resistance to sorafenib accounts for the poor prognosis of advanced hepatocarcinoma (HCC). Autophagy, a double-edge autodegradative and recycling process, has been related to the modulation of drug sensitivity in cancer cells. The transcription factor forkhead box O3 (FOXO3) has been associated with the pathogenesis of HCC, but the involvement of FOXO3 on autophagy-related sorafenib resistance in HCC needs to be further investigated. A recent research verified that HCC cells are able to surpass sorafenib effects during chemoresistance acquisition via the upregulation of FOXO3 and the subsequent induction of a pro-survival autophagy. Hence, FOXO3-associated autophagy could constitute a novel therapeutic target in the advanced HCC landscape.
  • 913
  • 26 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Gastrointestinal Microbiota Dysbiosis with SARS-CoV-2 in Colorectal: Probiotic
GI microbiota dysbiosis has been associated with respiratory disorders, including COVID-19, as well as sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) through imbalanced microbiota and compromised immune response. It is pertinent to understand the possible role of probiotics in stabilizing the microbial environment and maintaining the integrity of the respiratory and GI tracts in SARS-CoV-2 induced dysbiosis and colorectal carcinogenesis. 
  • 913
  • 16 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Computer-Aided Polyp Detection
Artificial intelligence (AI) applied to medicine is here to stay. In gastroenterology, AI computer vision applications have been stated as a research priority. The two main AI system categories are computer-aided polyp detection (CADe) and computer-assisted diagnosis (CADx). CADe can detect previously unrecognized lesions and serve as “a second set of eyes” by continuously monitoring mechanisms. Furthermore, these systems may help to reduce in-day variations in ADRs due to operator fatigue.
  • 913
  • 20 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Gastrointestinal Involvement in Extra-Digestive Disease
Calprotectin (CP) is a dimer composed of S100A8 and S100A9, which are calcium and zinc binding proteins. CP is found mainly in neutrophils, where under constitutive conditions, it represents about 45% of the total cytosolic protein. Moreover, calprotectin is constitutively expressed by monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells oral keratocytes and squamous mucosal epithelium. In inflammation, the expression of calprotectin is increased. CP is released by neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages during inflammation due to its antimicrobial properties. CP can be detected in serum, urine, cerebrospinal, synovial, and pleural fluids in proportion to the degree of any existing inflammation, but the most useful and widely used form is in stool as a reliable marker of intestinal tissue inflammation. Moreover, CP concentration in feces is approximately six times higher than in plasma.
  • 912
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of Cholangiopathies
Cholestasis is a condition characterized by decrease in bile flow due to progressive pathological states that lead to chronic cholestatic liver diseases which affect the biliary tree at the intrahepatic and extrahepatic level. Cholestasis can pose risks to overall health, as the reduced flow of bile can hinder the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and nutrients, leading to deficiencies. Additionally, it can induce other complications other such as cirrhosis, liver failure, malignancies and bone disease. Early diagnosis and adequate management are crucial in treating cholestasis in order to alleviate symptoms, prevent complications and address the underlying cause.
  • 912
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Hepatocyte Growth Regulators
Researchers have studied whether growth factors, cytokines, hormones, neurotransmitters, and local hormones (autacoids) promote the proliferation of hepatic parenchymal cells (i.e., hepatocytes) using in vitro primary cultured hepatocytes. The indicators used for this purpose include changes in DNA synthesis activity, nuclear number, cell number, cell cycle, and gene expression. In addition, the intracellular signaling pathways from the plasma membrane receptors to the nucleus have been examined in detail for representative growth-promoting factors that have been found to promote DNA synthesis and cell proliferation of hepatocytes.
  • 910
  • 19 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Therapeutic Quiver of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
The therapeutic quiver of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) consists of several levels, of which lifestyle, pharmaceutical, and surgical approaches are the main treatments. A multimodal intervention with multiple aspects, such as lifestyle modification, weight loss, specific diets, and medication, is the most appropriate and holistic approach for most people with NAFLD.
  • 910
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Synbiotics in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic relapsing gastrointestinal disorders that are characterized by inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The involvement of three distinct recurrent inflammatory features that sustains the chronic inflammation in IBD have been clearly identified that includes, disturbances in the gut microbiota, dysregulated immune response and altered colonic epithelial integrity. Dietary components such as prebiotic dietary fibres (DF) and probiotics due to their potential in modulating immune functions and influencing microbiota are promising strategies in the context of IBD. In this entry, we review the recent evidence from in-vivo studies to support the application of synergistic synbiotic carrying whole-plant complex prebiotic fibre and probiotic in resolving in the inflammatory cycle in IBD.
  • 909
  • 16 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Bisphenol A (BPA)
Bisfenol A (2,2-bis-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propane, BPA) is an organic chemical compound that belongs to the group of phenols. It is widely used in the production of plastics, including polycarbonates and epoxy resins.
  • 907
  • 03 Jun 2021
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