Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Computed Tomography Reconstruction
Computed tomography (CT) is a vital medical imaging technology that revolutionizes healthcare by providing high-resolution images of internal body structures, making it an essential tool in fields like radiology, oncology, and surgery. CT imaging uses X-ray technology to scan a patient. During the CT imaging process, the patient is positioned on a motorized examination table that passes through a CT scanner. The scanner emits narrow X-ray beams, which are measured by detectors on the opposite side of the patient. The data collected are X-ray projections or profiles. 
  • 1.5K
  • 13 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Application Scenarios of Using Knowledge Graph
In dynamic complex cyber environments, Cyber Threat Intelligence (CTI) and the risk of cyberattacks are both increasing. This means that organizations need to have a strong understanding of both their internal CTI and their external CTI. The potential for cybersecurity knowledge graphs is evident in their ability to aggregate and represent knowledge about cyber threats, as well as their ability to manage and reason with that knowledge. While most existing research has focused on how to create a full knowledge graph, how to utilize the knowledge graph to tackle real-world industrial difficulties in cyberattack and defense situations is still unclear. 
  • 1.5K
  • 12 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Deep Learning in Hyperspectral Imagery
Deep learning algorithms used for hyperspectral image analysis and processing include artificial neural networks (ANNs), convolutional neural networks (CNNs), Auto-encoder decoders (AEDs), and stacked auto-encoders (SAE). Hyperspectral imagery (HSI) is used because of its characteristic of containing both spectral and spatial information at the pixel level. 
  • 1.5K
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Ant Colony Optimization
Ant colony optimization (ACO) is a well-known class of swarm intelligence algorithms suitable for solving many NP-hard problems. An important component of such algorithms is a record of pheromone trails that reflect colonies’ experiences with previously constructed solutions of the problem instance that is being solved. By using pheromones, the algorithm builds a probabilistic model that is exploited for constructing new and, hopefully, better solutions.
  • 1.5K
  • 25 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Transformer-Based Model for Predicting Customers’ NPD in e-Commerce
Transformers offer advantages in capturing long-term dependencies within time series data through self-attention mechanisms. This adaptability to various time series patterns, including trends, seasonality, and irregularities, makes them a promising choice for next purchase day (NPD) prediction. The transformer model demonstrates improvements in prediction accuracy compared to the baselines. 
  • 1.5K
  • 02 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Hashtag Recommendation
Hashtag recommendation suggests hashtags to users while they write microblogs in social media platforms. Although researchers have investigated various methods and factors that affect the performance of hashtag recommendations in Twitter and Sina Weibo, a systematic review of these methods is lacking.
  • 1.5K
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
Mars Rover Mastcam Images
The Curiosity rover has landed on Mars since 2012. One of the instruments onboard the rover is a pair of multispectral cameras known as Mastcams, which act as eyes of the rover.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Lamport Timestamps
The algorithm of Lamport timestamps is a simple algorithm used to determine the order of events in a distributed computer system. As different nodes or processes will typically not be perfectly synchronized, this algorithm is used to provide a partial ordering of events with minimal overhead, and conceptually provide a starting point for the more advanced vector clock method. They are named after their creator, Leslie Lamport. Distributed algorithms such as resource synchronization often depend on some method of ordering events to function. For example, consider a system with two processes and a disk. The processes send messages to each other, and also send messages to the disk requesting access. The disk grants access in the order the messages were sent. For example process [math]\displaystyle{ A }[/math] sends a message to the disk requesting write access, and then sends a read instruction message to process [math]\displaystyle{ B }[/math]. Process [math]\displaystyle{ B }[/math] receives the message, and as a result sends its own read request message to the disk. If there is a timing delay causing the disk to receive both messages at the same time, it can determine which message happened-before the other: [math]\displaystyle{ A }[/math] happens-before [math]\displaystyle{ B }[/math] if one can get from [math]\displaystyle{ A }[/math] to [math]\displaystyle{ B }[/math] by a sequence of moves of two types: moving forward while remaining in the same process, and following a message from its sending to its reception. A logical clock algorithm provides a mechanism to determine facts about the order of such events. Lamport invented a simple mechanism by which the happened-before ordering can be captured numerically. A Lamport logical clock is a numerical software counter value maintained in each process. Conceptually, this logical clock can be thought of as a clock that only has meaning in relation to messages moving between processes. When a process receives a message, it re-synchronizes its logical clock with that sender. The above-mentioned vector clock is a generalization of the idea into the context of an arbitrary number of parallel, independent processes.
  • 1.5K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Music Generation of Traditional Chinese Pentatonic Scale
Recent studies demonstrate that algorithmic music attracted global attention not only because of its amusement but also its considerable potential in the industry. Thus, the yield increased academic numbers spinning around on topics of algorithm music generation. The balance between mathematical logic and aesthetic value is important in music generation.
  • 1.5K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
The Application of Digital Twins in Healthcare
Digital twins (DTs) play a crucial role in the ongoing Industry 4.0 revolution, leveraging advanced data analytics and the connectivity of Internet of Things (IoT) to drive transformative changes across industries. The metaverse presents the potential for transformative changes in healthcare by offering virtual health services, supporting mental health, managing reality, and enabling virtual management. These innovations have the capacity to enhance accessibility, convenience, and the overall patient experience, bringing healthcare closer to individuals and ensuring that they receive the necessary care, regardless of physical distance or limitations.
  • 1.4K
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Resource Allocation Schemes for 5G Network
Resource allocation is an important aspect of any cellular network environment. It plays a significant part in maintaining friendly access for end-users, business partners, and customers of cellular-based applications. Resource allocation has great benefits for the cellular network environment.
  • 1.4K
  • 21 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Interval Scheduling
Interval scheduling is a class of problems in computer science, particularly in the area of algorithm design. The problems consider a set of tasks. Each task is represented by an interval describing the time in which it needs to be executed. For instance, task A might run from 2:00 to 5:00, task B might run from 4:00 to 10:00 and task C might run from 9:00 to 11:00. A subset of intervals is compatible if no two intervals overlap. For example, the subset {A,C} is compatible, as is the subset {B}; but neither {A,B} nor {B,C} are compatible subsets, because the corresponding intervals within each subset overlap. The interval scheduling maximization problem (ISMP) is to find a largest compatible set - a set of non-overlapping intervals of maximum size. The goal here is to execute as many tasks as possible. In an upgraded version of the problem, the intervals are partitioned into groups. A subset of intervals is compatible if no two intervals overlap, and moreover, no two intervals belong to the same group (i.e. the subset contains at most a single representative interval of each group). The group interval scheduling decision problem (GISDP) is to decide whether there exists a compatible set in which all groups are represented. The goal here is to execute a single representative task from each group. GISDPk is a restricted version of GISDP in which the number of intervals in each group is at most k. The group interval scheduling maximization problem (GISMP) is to find a largest compatible set - a set of non-overlapping representatives of maximum size. The goal here is to execute a representative task from as many groups as possible. GISMPk is a restricted version of GISMP in which the number of intervals in each group is at most k. This problem is often called JISPk, where J stands for Job. GISMP is the most general problem; the other two problems can be seen as special cases of it:
  • 1.4K
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Biologically inspired metaheuristics
A metaheuristic is a high level, problem-independent framework that provides a series of steps and guidelines used to develop heuristic optimizers. Nowadays, the tendency is to use the term for both the general framework and for the algorithms built based on its rules. In the latest years, the literature has shown an increase in the number of proposals of new optimization metaheuristics and their improvements through step alterations, local search procedures or hybridizations.
  • 1.4K
  • 09 Oct 2021
Topic Review
The Convergence of AI, 6G, and Wireless Communication
In the rapidly evolving landscape of wireless communication, each successive generation of networks has achieved significant technological leaps, profoundly transforming the way we connect and interact. From the analog simplicity of 1G to the digital prowess of 5G, the journey of mobile networks has been marked by constant innovation and escalating demands for faster, more reliable, and more efficient communication systems. As 5G becomes a global reality, laying the foundation for an interconnected world, the quest for even more advanced networks leads us to the threshold of the sixth-generation (6G) era. By integrating AI and ML, 6G networks are expected to offer unprecedented capabilities, from enhanced mobile broadband to groundbreaking applications in areas like smart cities and autonomous systems.
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Computer Vision in Self-Steering Tractors
Agricultural machinery, such as tractors, is meant to operate for many hours in large areas and perform repetitive tasks. The automatic navigation of agricultural vehicles can ensure the high intensity of automation of cultivation tasks, the enhanced precision of navigation between crop structures, an increase in operation safety and a decrease in human labor and operation costs.
  • 1.4K
  • 24 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Dementia
Dementia is a syndrome that is characterised by the decline of different cognitive abilities. A high rate of deaths and high cost for detection, treatments, and patients care count amongst its consequences. Although there is no cure for dementia, a timely diagnosis helps in obtaining necessary support, appropriate medication, and maintenance, as far as possible, of engagement in intellectual, social, and physical activities. The early detection of Alzheimer Disease (AD) is considered to be of high importance for improving the quality of life of patients and their families. In particular, Virtual Reality (VR) is an expanding tool that can be used in order to assess cognitive abilities while navigating through a Virtual Environment (VE).
  • 1.4K
  • 05 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Concept of the Robo-Advisor with Digital Twin
The term “digital twin” (DT) refers to a digital representation of an individual that has the capability of integrating any digital data with virtually real-time data and generating advanced analytics for feedback, recommendation, and alternative solutions for users. 
  • 1.4K
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
An Optimal House Price Prediction Algorithm: XGBoost
An accurate prediction of house prices is a fundamental requirement for various sectors, including real estate and mortgage lending. It is widely recognized that a property’s value is not solely determined by its physical attributes but is significantly influenced by its surrounding neighborhood. Meeting the diverse housing needs of individuals while balancing budget constraints is a primary concern for real estate developers. 
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Applications of Brain–Computer Interfaces to Control and Automation
Brain–computer interfacing (BCI) is a real-time communication system that connects the brain and external devices. A BCI system can directly convert the information sent by the brain into commands that can drive external devices and can replace human limbs or phonation organs to achieve communication with the outside world and to control the external environment. In other words, a BCI system can replace the normal peripheral nerve and muscle tissue to achieve communication between a human and a computer or between a human and the external environment. BCIs have been validated in various noisy structured environments such as homes, hospitals, and expositions, resulting in the direct application of BCIs gaining popularity with regular consumers.
  • 1.4K
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Machine Failure Prediction Using Survival Analysis
With the rapid growth of cloud computing and the creation of large-scale systems such as IoT environments, the failure of machines/devices and, by extension, the systems that rely on them is a major risk to their performance, usability, and the security systems that support them. The need to predict such anomalies in combination with the creation of fault-tolerant systems to manage them is a key factor for the development of safer and more stable systems. 
  • 1.4K
  • 19 Oct 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 59
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback