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Matrix Certified Reference Materials
Matrix certified reference materials (mCRMs) are materials characterized by suitable homogeneity, stability, and traceability, with certified values, including uncertainties, and a specific matrix. mCRMs constitute a reference for instrumental analytical methods and ensure their metrological consistency. Matrix certified reference materials (mCRMs) are essential tools for ensuring the accuracy and traceability of analytical measurements, particularly for samples with complex matrices. These mCRMs are carefully manufactured materials that closely mimic the composition and properties of real samples, allowing laboratories to validate their analytical methods, calibrate analytical instruments, or check the classical methods. This article highlights the challenges associated with the production and characterization of these complex mCRMs, including obtaining homogeneous materials, establishing accurate target values, and ensuring stability for different types of materials, such as gases, liquids, and metal alloys. Additionally, the process of statistical evaluation through the use of advanced statistical methods is discussed, as is the systems approach associated with the implementation of the ISO 17034 standard, which specifies the requirements for manufacturers of reference materials. This paper also includes a summary of the current status in trends of normalization as well as mCRM production.
  • 361
  • 06 Jun 2025
Topic Review
Carbon Nanotubes in Electrochemical Biosensing Composites
Carbon nanotubes have been extensively used as electrochemical sensing composites due to their interesting chemical, electronic, and mechanical properties giving rise to increased performance. Due to these materials' unknown long-term ecological fate, care must be given to make their use tractable.
  • 76
  • 27 May 2026
Topic Review
Degradation Mechanisms in Electrochemical Biosensors
Electrochemical biosensors offer unprecedented capabilities for the rapid, highly sensitive detection of physiological biomarkers, environmental toxins, and pathogens. However, the translation of these devices from controlled in vitro laboratory settings to continuous in vivo or real-time environmental monitoring is severely bottlenecked by their operational instability over time. This topic review comprehensively details the mechanistic degradation of electrochemical biosensors. It explores the physicochemical origins of failure across the recognition and transducer interfaces, emphasizing non-specific biofouling, receptor denaturation, electrode corrosion, and the exponential decay of electron transfer kinetics. Furthermore, it mathematically quantifies how interfacial degradation manifests analytically as signal drift, noise amplification, and sensitivity loss. Finally, the entry evaluates rational engineering strategies, including zwitterionic antifouling layers and permselective polymeric membranes, establishing the fundamental parameters required to decouple sensor sensitivity from long-term interfacial degradation.
  • 20
  • 28 Jul 2026
Topic Review
Transduction Mechanisms in Nanostructured Electrochemical Sensors
Transduction mechanisms in nanostructured electrochemical sensors dictate how molecular recognition events and physical interactions at an electrode interface are converted into measurable electrical, optical, or photo-driven signals. By engineering sensor architectures across structural scales—from sub-nanometer single-atom catalysts (SACs) and quantum-confined nanoclusters to two-dimensional (2D) materials (MXenes, MOFs, COFs) and three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical porous networks—the governing signal conversion pathways shift fundamentally. These modes encompass direct inner-sphere faradaic charge transfer, electrochemiluminescence (ECL) coreactant pathways, photoelectrochemical (PEC) exciton separation, and field-effect interfacial gating. Understanding and tailoring these cross-scale transduction principles is essential for designing high-sensitivity, selective, and robust bio- and chemical sensors. The key focus herein is the physical chemistry, transport physics, and quantum mechanics underlying these distinct transduction modalities.
  • 14
  • 07 Aug 2026
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