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Topic Review
Environmental Regulation and Employment Changes
This research investigates the impact of the Top 10,000 Energy-Consuming Enterprises Program (hereafter referred to as the carbon reduction policy) implemented by the Chinese government in 2011 on the employment of manufacturing enterprises. The research indicates that the implementation of the carbon reduction policy has two ways of impacting the employment scale, namely ‘employment creation’ and ‘employment destruction’. The actual effect of the policy on the employment scale depends on the superposition of these two effects. Based on a sample data set of Chinese manufacturing enterprises, the generalized propensity score-matching method (GPSM) is used to identify the causal relationship and its mechanism between the carbon reduction policy and the employment scale.
  • 335
  • 20 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Cash Transfers
Cash transfers are direct transfer payments of money to eligible people. Cash transfers are usually provided by the state and federal government.
  • 333
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Outward Foreign Direct Investment on Green Innovation Heterogeneity
In the current era of increasingly frequent international exchanges and countries’ increasing emphasis on green development, exploring the complex relationship between outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) and green innovation has become an important research topic. Taking the binary innovation perspective as an entry point, this research is devoted to exploring the heterogeneous impact and dynamic evolution of OFDI on green innovation since China’s accession to the WTO.
  • 333
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
Nowcasting Unemployment
In contrast to researchers who used only a small number of search queries or limited themselves to job agency explorations, researchers incorporated keywords from the following six dimensions of Google Trends searches: job search, benefits, and application; mental health; violence and abuse; leisure search; consumption and lifestyle; and disasters.
  • 333
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Probability of Visiting a Protected Natural Space
Following the definition of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), a protected area is a “clearly defined geographically space which is clearly defined, recognized and managed by legal means or other efficient means so as to achieve long-term nature conservation, the ecosystem services, and the associated cultural values”.  Protected areas are essentially governance systems with spatially defined areas with natural as well as cultural attributes and services managed by a group of players with different roles and institutional frameworks. These areas are organized in accordance with a variety of natural and spatial attributes that determine the conservation objectives, the protection categories, and the human activities permitted.
  • 331
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Household Electricity Prices and Energy Mix
Household electricity prices can vary considerably depending on a number of economic, political and natural factors. However, households generally have limited influence on the price of electricity due to a tightly regulated market in many countries. The energy mix, the combination of energy sources used to produce electricity, can have a significant impact on energy prices. The composition of the energy mix varies from region to region and can affect the cost, reliability and sustainability of electricity. 
  • 328
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Public-Private Partnership Unit
A Public-private partnership unit (PPP unit) is an organisation responsible for promoting, facilitating and/or assessing Public-private partnerships (PPP, P3, 3P) in their territory. PPP units can be government agencies, or semi-independent organizations created with full or part government support. Governments tend to create a PPP unit as a response to prior criticisms of the implementation of P3 projects in their country. In 2009, 50% of OECD countries had created a centralized PPP unit, and many more of these institutions exist in other countries.
  • 325
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Environmental–Economic Nexus and Air Pollution in Oman
Academics and decision-makers have paid close attention to the relationship between air pollution, climate change, and economic growth. It is important to highlight that a large number of “conventional” air pollution sources are also major producers of greenhouse gases (GHGs), such as CO2, which are essential to global warming. An unparalleled rise in the need for energy consumption has been caused by the quick development of economic activity, urbanization, and population growth. All of these things work together to cause environmental deterioration and rising greenhouse gas emissions. Consequently, attaining sustainable economic growth rates while carefully balancing this expansion with environmental preservation is one of the most important developmental concerns facing the world today. 
  • 313
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Greenfield Investment and Green Economic Growth
The intensification of countries’ growth causes the depletion of natural resources, biodiversity degradation, ecological imbalances, damage, and disasters. The aggravation of ecological issues requires the development of mechanisms for simultaneous achievement of economic, social, and ecological goals. The energy sector is the core direction of economic decarbonization. Therefore, green economic growth requires economic development due to the extension of innovative technologies for renewable energies and relevant investment for that. The concept of “green economic growth” is linked to the paradigm of sustainable development and reflects economic growth considering the rational use of natural capital, prevents and reduces pollution and developed opportunities to improve social well-being due to providing carbon-neutral economy. The concept of “greenfield investment” is wider and complex definitions, the scholars define it as the investment on environmental, social and governance projects which aims to achieve sustainable development goals in long-term.
  • 308
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Dynamic-Nexus between Cross-Border Dollar Claims and Economic Growth
The term “Eurodollar” first appeared in the public realm in 1960 when William Clarke gave name to a fledgling market. Nowadays, the terms “Eurodollar”, “Eurodollar system”, “ledger money”, “shadow money” and “ghost money” are all used interchangeably to describe U.S. dollars that exist offshore, that is, outside the U.S. domestic currency system and out of sight of its primary regulator, the Federal Reserve.
  • 303
  • 01 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Energy Security or Green Transition
The energy transition is a subject of significant interest in the countries of the European Union, and the involvement of public authorities is remarkable. Unlike previous energy transitions, this process is politically driven, the efforts of public authorities being secondary to the actions of companies whose guidelines are based on stability at the European level through strategies and directives.
  • 302
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
e-Commerce in the Post-Pandemic Period
The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in notable transformations of the commerce landscape, particularly in the realm of electronic commerce. This sector has experienced a precipitous advancement, characterized by substantial modifications of online business under-takings, encompassing both products and services. 
  • 301
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Macroeconomic Simulator with Multi-Layered Supplier–Customer Relationships
Instead of setting an upstream and downstream structure of firms in the inter-firm networks, the model includes a mechanism that connects each firm through supplier–customer relationships and incorporates interactions between firms mutually buying and selling intermediate input materials. It is confirmed through the proposed model’s simulation analysis that, although a firm’s sales volume temporarily falls due to an economic shock of the type that causes a sharp decline in households’ final demand, the increase in assets held by households as they refrain from spending rather expands their capacity for consumption.
  • 296
  • 31 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Economic Theories of Household Bargaining
Maternal and child health is severely impacted by adverse birth outcomes leading to a public health concern. A whole host of socioeconomic factors are instrumental in determining birth outcomes. Importantly, there is an intricate relationship between women’s autonomy, the perpetration of intimate partner violence in households, women’s paid work status and their consequent impact on birth outcomes.
  • 296
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Eco-Innovation and Recycling on Raw Material Consumption
The basic hypothesis is that eco-innovation and recycling have a significant influence on raw material consumption. In the long run, by promoting eco-innovation and recycling, countries will minimize their demand and use of raw materials.
  • 292
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Determinant Factors of M&As in Emerging Economies
Mergers and acquisitions (M&As) is an umbrella term for many types of transactions in which one organisation or the assets of one organisation become a part of another organisation or two organisations become one.
  • 289
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Monetary Policy Affect Bank Credit Supply to Enterprises
In order to develop the real economy and solve the problems of enterprise financing and lending, banks should increase their support for SMEs (small and medium-sized enterprises). The People’s Bank of China introduced two direct monetary policy tools in June 2020, which are important for alleviating the financing problems of SMEs, improving the construction of financial support for the real economy and promoting the recovery of economic development.
  • 282
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Green Finance in Economy and Renewable Energy Supply
Green bond investments have a positive impact on carbon reduction and renewable energy supply in the EU OECD countries, and cluster analysis of the European OECD countries indicated a positive relationship between economic performance and overall social and governance (ESG) risk.
  • 282
  • 11 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Contact Zones in the Energy Transition
The success of energy transition relies on what happens in the contact zone, the area between citizens and municipality governments, which still awaits more thorough research. Contact zones are an issue studied mainly in the humanities, although one can also find applications of the concept to the study of human relations with animate and inanimate nature. However, these ideas are basically unknown in economics, social sciences, technical sciences, and natural sciences. 
  • 281
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Global Economic Policy Uncertainty on Manufacturing
Events such as COVID-19 and the Russia–Ukraine conflict have significantly increased the uncertainty and volatility of global economic policies. In the context of economic globalization, the key question researchers investigate is whether global economic policy uncertainty will have different impacts on the manufacturing of the three major economies in China, the United States, and Europe Union.
  • 278
  • 16 Oct 2023
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