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Topic Review
Brief Properties of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have significant impacts on biological systems, and have been shown to interfere with physiological systems, especially by disrupting the hormone balance.
  • 745
  • 16 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Inducing Factors of White Fat browning
Mammalian adipose tissue can be divided into white and brown adipose tissue based on its colour, location, and cellular structure. Certain conditions, such as sympathetic nerve excitement, can induce the white adipose adipocytes into a new type of adipocytes, known as beige adipocytes. The process, leading to the conversion of white adipocytes into beige adipocytes, is called white fat browning. The dynamic balance between white and beige adipocytes is closely related to the body’s metabolic homeostasis.
  • 742
  • 26 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Resveratrol Administration in Human Obesity
Obesity is a widespread disease that is associated with numerous and serious comorbidities. These include metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular-cerebrovascular disease, hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, cancer, and sexual and hormonal disorders. The treatment of obesity has therefore become a goal of great clinical and social relevance. Among the therapeutic strategies against obesity, resveratrol has aroused great interest. This polyphenol has anticancer and antioxidant properties and cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. Other favorable effects attributed to resveratrol are anti-lipid, anti-aging, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, and neuroprotective actions. Administration of resveratrol appears to improve the metabolic profile in obese and/or insulin-resistant patients.
  • 738
  • 11 May 2021
Topic Review
Nanosystems for Mitochondrial Drug Delivery with Metallic Nanoparticles
The application of metallic nanoparticles as a novel therapeutic tool has significant potential to facilitate the treatment and diagnosis of mitochondria-based disorders. Subcellular mitochondria have been trialed to cure pathologies that depend on their dysfunction. Nanoparticles made from metals and their oxides (including gold, iron, silver, platinum, zinc oxide, and titanium dioxide) have unique modi operandi that can competently rectify mitochondrial disorders.
  • 737
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Metabolic Syndrome Research and Therapeutics
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a well-defined yet difficult-to-manage disease entity. Both the precipitous rise in its incidence due to contemporary lifestyles and the growing heterogeneity among affected populations present unprecedented challenges.
  • 731
  • 13 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Hypoglycemic Effect of Eryngium longifolium and Alsophila firma
The hypoglycemic effect of two Mexican medicinal plants, Eryngium longifolium and Alsophila firma, is described, which was associated with blocking of the hepatic glucose output due to inhibition of two gluconeogenic enzymes: glucose 6-phosphatase and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase.
  • 731
  • 09 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Hyperglycemia Induces Inflammatory Response
Hyperglycemia, a hallmark of diabetes, can induce inflammatory programming of macrophages. The macrophage scavenger receptor CD163 controls inflammation by the internalization and degradation of hemoglobin-haptoglobin (Hb-Hp) complexes built due to intravascular hemolysis. Clinical studies have demonstrated a correlation between impaired scavenging of Hb-Hp complexes via CD163 and diabetic vascular complications. Hyperglycemia induces an inflammatory response of innate immune cells to Hb-Hp1-1 and Hb-Hp2-2 uptake, converting the silent Hb-Hp complex clearance that prevents vascular damage into an inflammatory process, hereby increasing the susceptibility of diabetic patients to vascular complications.
  • 730
  • 08 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Characteristics of MondoA and ChREBP
MondoA (also known as MLX-interacting protein, MLXIP) and ChREBP, also known as MLX-interacting protein-like (MLXIPL), are two paralogous transcription factors that play vital roles in glucose and lipid metabolism. MondoA and ChREBP are each a basic helix–loop–helix/leucine zipper (bHLH/LZ) transcription factor that forms a heterodimeric complex with Max-like protein X (MLX) to regulate gene expression in response to glucose and other nutrients. MondoA regulates the expression of genes involved in glucose metabolism, glycogen synthesis, triglyceride synthesis, and insulin signaling, and it has been implicated in the development of metabolic diseases such as obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). ChREBP, on the other hand, regulates the expression of genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism, glycolysis, and de novo lipogenesis (DNL) in response to carbohydrate intake.
  • 728
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Dynamics in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)  is a metabolic disorder that impairs insulin signaling. Mitochondrial dysfunction causes various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancer. Mitochondria are dynamic and adjust their functions to match cellular conditions through processes collectively known as mitochondrial dynamics, which determine mitochondrial health and vitality. Dysregulated mitochondrial dynamics play essential roles in the pathophysiology of insulin resistance, obesity, and T2DM, including imbalanced dynamics in T2DM.
  • 727
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
BPA Substitutes
Metabolic diseases, such as obesity, Type II diabetes and hepatic steatosis, are a significant public health concern affecting more than half a billion people worldwide. The prevalence of these diseases is constantly increasing in developed countries, affecting all age groups. The pathogenesis of metabolic diseases is complex and multifactorial. Inducer factors can either be genetic or linked to a sedentary lifestyle and/or consumption of high-fat and sugar diets. In 2002, a new concept of “environmental obesogens” emerged, suggesting that environmental chemicals could play an active role in the etiology of obesity. Bisphenol A (BPA), a xenoestrogen widely used in the plastic food packaging industry has been shown to affect many physiological functions and has been linked to reproductive, endocrine and metabolic disorders and cancer. BPA was banned in baby bottles in Canada in 2008 and in all food-oriented packaging in France from 1 January 2015. Since the BPA ban, substitutes with a similar structure and properties have been used by industrials even though their toxic potential is unknown. Bisphenol S has mainly replaced BPA in consumer products as reflected by the almost ubiquitous human exposure to this contaminant. 
  • 726
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Rodent Model of Experimental Autoimmune-Orchitis
The rodent model of experimental autoimmune-orchitis (EAO) was established to analyze the underlying mechanisms of male infertility and causes of reduced testosterone concentration.
  • 725
  • 10 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activity of Algae
Currently, algae arouse a growing interest in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic area due to the fact that they have a great diversity of bioactive compounds with the potential for pharmacological and nutraceutical applications. Due to lifestyle modifications brought on by rapid urbanization, diabetes mellitus, a metabolic illness, is the third largest cause of death globally. The hunt for an efficient natural-based antidiabetic therapy is crucial to battling diabetes and the associated consequences due to the unfavorable side effects of currently available antidiabetic medications. Finding the possible advantages of algae for the control of diabetes is crucial for the creation of natural drugs. Many of algae’s metabolic processes produce bioactive secondary metabolites, which give algae their diverse chemical and biological features. Numerous studies have demonstrated the antioxidant and antidiabetic benefits of algae, mostly by blocking carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzyme activity, such as -amylase and -glucosidase. Additionally, bioactive components from algae can lessen diabetic symptoms in vivo. 
  • 717
  • 17 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Hypoxia in a Tumor
Hypoxia is an integral component of the tumor microenvironment. Either as chronic or cycling hypoxia, it exerts a similar effect on cancer processes by activating hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and nuclear factor (NF-κB), with cycling hypoxia showing a stronger proinflammatory influence. 
  • 716
  • 01 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a disease that causes irregular bleeding, chronic anovulation, androgen excess, and a typical ovarian ultrasound feature.
  • 705
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors
SGLT2 (sodium-glucose cotransporter 2) inhibitors are a new class of antihyperglycaemic drugs that act on the proximal tubules of the kidney. They have shown efficacy in the management of diabetes mellitus type 2 and their cardiovascular and renal safety have been extensively investigated and confirmed in clinical trials. However, inter-individual differences in response to treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors may present in everyday clinical practice, and good predictors of glycemic response and the risk for adverse events in an individual patient are lacking.
  • 705
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Genetic Basis of Primary Aldosteronism
Primary aldosteronism (PA), a condition characterized by autonomous aldosterone hypersecretion, constitutes the most common cause of secondary hypertension. The advent and wide application of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology led to the identification of several somatic and germline mutations associated with sporadic and familial forms of PA. Somatic mutations in ion-channel genes that participate in aldosterone biosynthesis, including KCNJ5, CACNA1D, ATP1A1, and ATP2B3, have been implicated in the development of aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs). On the other hand, germline variants in CLCN2, KCNJ5, CACNA1H, and CACNA1D genes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the familial forms of PA, FH-II, FH-III, and F-IV, as well as PA associated with seizures and neurological abnormalities.
  • 698
  • 25 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Novel Therapeutic Agents for Management of Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from insulin resistance, inadequate insulin secretion, or excessive glucagon secretion. DM is a non-infectious disease caused by the disruption of carbohydrate metabolism, which culminates in persistent hyperglycemia.
  • 698
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
miRNA in the Pathogenesis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine-metabolic disease in females of reproductive age, affecting 4–20% of pre-menopausal women worldwide. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, single-stranded, non-coding, regulatory ribonucleic acid molecules found in eukaryotic cells. Abnormal miRNA expression has been associated with several diseases and could possibly explain their underlying pathophysiology. MiRNAs have been extensively studied for their potential diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic uses in many diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, PCOS, and endometriosis.
  • 696
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Vitamin D and SIRT1 in Non-Communicable Diseases
Vitamin D and SIRT1 have direct and indirect influence of the regulation of transcription and epigenetic changes and are related to cytoplasmic signaling pathways such as PLC/DAG/IP3/PKC/MAPK, MEK/Erk, insulin/mTOR/cell growth, proliferation; leptin/PI3K-Akt-mTORC1, Akt/NFĸB/COX-2, NFĸB/TNFα, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, and AMPK/PGC-1α/GLUT4, among others. Several vitamin D metabolites are generated in the liver, the kidney, and in other tissue types, which are then excreted in the urine. The most investigated and important forms are 24-hydroxylated (i.e., 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3); these forms are converted from 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, respectively. CYP24A1 24-hydroxylase enzyme, which is responsible for these conversions—similarly to CYP27B1, a multicomponent enzyme in the mitochondria—is regulated by calcium, phosphorus, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 through VDR, the receptor of vitamin D. Long-term imbalance in this system or an inappropriate amount of cytochrome P450 enzymes—which control the production, regulation, and degradation of vitamin D—can cause vitamin D insufficiency-related diseases. Thus, abnormally elevated levels of CYP24A1 can create a deficit in vitamin D levels, since this enzyme is uniquely responsible for the catabolism of vitamin D. Elevated levels of CYP24A1 are observed in breast, prostate, esophageal, colon, and lung cancers, genetically linked hypophosphatemia, diabetic nephropathy, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Deficiency of vitamin D can also develop due to an inadequate amount of sun exposure and insufficient nutritional supplementation, or it can appear as a result of certain diseases, e.g., diabetes, cancer, chronic kidney disease, or genetically linked hypophosphatemia.
  • 695
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
β-Cell Regeneration
β-cell number and/or function is reduced in diabetes. Thus, inducing the formation of new β-cells has been a major goal of diabetes research. However, the pathway(s) by which new β-cells form when preexisting β-cells are decreased in number or cease to function has remained obscure. Many pathways have been proposed, but definitive evidence, particularly in humans, has been lacking. Replication of preexisting β-cells, neogenesis from ducts, redifferentiation from β-cells that dedifferentiated under metabolic stress, and transdifferentiation from other cell types, particularly within the islet, are the major mechanisms that have been proposed for generating increased numbers of functional β-cells. 
  • 691
  • 14 Mar 2022
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