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Topic Review
Characteristics of MondoA and ChREBP
MondoA (also known as MLX-interacting protein, MLXIP) and ChREBP, also known as MLX-interacting protein-like (MLXIPL), are two paralogous transcription factors that play vital roles in glucose and lipid metabolism. MondoA and ChREBP are each a basic helix–loop–helix/leucine zipper (bHLH/LZ) transcription factor that forms a heterodimeric complex with Max-like protein X (MLX) to regulate gene expression in response to glucose and other nutrients. MondoA regulates the expression of genes involved in glucose metabolism, glycogen synthesis, triglyceride synthesis, and insulin signaling, and it has been implicated in the development of metabolic diseases such as obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). ChREBP, on the other hand, regulates the expression of genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism, glycolysis, and de novo lipogenesis (DNL) in response to carbohydrate intake.
  • 789
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
Genomics Biomarkers for Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a deficiency in how the body regulates glucose. Uncontrolled T2D will result in chronic high blood sugar levels, eventually resulting in T2D complications. These complications, such as kidney, eye, and nerve damage, are even harder to treat.
  • 785
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Metabolic Therapeutic Approaches in Cancer and Type-2 Diabetes
Dysregulated metabolic dynamics are evident in both cancer and diabetes, with metabolic alterations representing a facet of the myriad changes observed in these conditions. The Warburg phenomenon, characterized by the prevalence of aerobic glycolysis over minimal to no oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), emerges as the predominant metabolic phenotype in cancer. Conversely, type 2 diabetes (T2D), the prevailing metabolic paradigm has traditionally been perceived in terms of discrete irregularities rather than a shift from OXPHOS to glycolysis. Throughout T2D pathogenesis, OXPHOS remains consistently heightened due to chronic hyperglycemia or hyperinsulinemia. In advanced insulin resistance and T2D, the metabolic landscape becomes more complex, featuring differential tissue-specific alterations that affect OXPHOS. Recent findings suggest that addressing the metabolic imbalance in both cancer and diabetes could offer an effective treatment strategy. Numerous pharmaceutical and nutritional modalities exhibiting therapeutic effects in both conditions ultimately modulate the OXPHOS-glycolysis axis. Noteworthy nutritional adjuncts, such as alpha-lipoic acid, flavonoids, and glutamine, demonstrate the ability to reprogram metabolism, exerting anti-tumor and anti-diabetic effects. Similarly, pharmacological agents like metformin exhibit therapeutic efficacy in both T2D and cancer.
  • 785
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Brief Properties of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have significant impacts on biological systems, and have been shown to interfere with physiological systems, especially by disrupting the hormone balance.
  • 775
  • 16 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Novel Therapeutic Agents for Management of Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from insulin resistance, inadequate insulin secretion, or excessive glucagon secretion. DM is a non-infectious disease caused by the disruption of carbohydrate metabolism, which culminates in persistent hyperglycemia.
  • 775
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Nanosystems for Mitochondrial Drug Delivery with Metallic Nanoparticles
The application of metallic nanoparticles as a novel therapeutic tool has significant potential to facilitate the treatment and diagnosis of mitochondria-based disorders. Subcellular mitochondria have been trialed to cure pathologies that depend on their dysfunction. Nanoparticles made from metals and their oxides (including gold, iron, silver, platinum, zinc oxide, and titanium dioxide) have unique modi operandi that can competently rectify mitochondrial disorders.
  • 770
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Vitamin D and SIRT1 in Non-Communicable Diseases
Vitamin D and SIRT1 have direct and indirect influence of the regulation of transcription and epigenetic changes and are related to cytoplasmic signaling pathways such as PLC/DAG/IP3/PKC/MAPK, MEK/Erk, insulin/mTOR/cell growth, proliferation; leptin/PI3K-Akt-mTORC1, Akt/NFĸB/COX-2, NFĸB/TNFα, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, and AMPK/PGC-1α/GLUT4, among others. Several vitamin D metabolites are generated in the liver, the kidney, and in other tissue types, which are then excreted in the urine. The most investigated and important forms are 24-hydroxylated (i.e., 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 1,24,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3); these forms are converted from 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, respectively. CYP24A1 24-hydroxylase enzyme, which is responsible for these conversions—similarly to CYP27B1, a multicomponent enzyme in the mitochondria—is regulated by calcium, phosphorus, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 through VDR, the receptor of vitamin D. Long-term imbalance in this system or an inappropriate amount of cytochrome P450 enzymes—which control the production, regulation, and degradation of vitamin D—can cause vitamin D insufficiency-related diseases. Thus, abnormally elevated levels of CYP24A1 can create a deficit in vitamin D levels, since this enzyme is uniquely responsible for the catabolism of vitamin D. Elevated levels of CYP24A1 are observed in breast, prostate, esophageal, colon, and lung cancers, genetically linked hypophosphatemia, diabetic nephropathy, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Deficiency of vitamin D can also develop due to an inadequate amount of sun exposure and insufficient nutritional supplementation, or it can appear as a result of certain diseases, e.g., diabetes, cancer, chronic kidney disease, or genetically linked hypophosphatemia.
  • 768
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
BPA Substitutes
Metabolic diseases, such as obesity, Type II diabetes and hepatic steatosis, are a significant public health concern affecting more than half a billion people worldwide. The prevalence of these diseases is constantly increasing in developed countries, affecting all age groups. The pathogenesis of metabolic diseases is complex and multifactorial. Inducer factors can either be genetic or linked to a sedentary lifestyle and/or consumption of high-fat and sugar diets. In 2002, a new concept of “environmental obesogens” emerged, suggesting that environmental chemicals could play an active role in the etiology of obesity. Bisphenol A (BPA), a xenoestrogen widely used in the plastic food packaging industry has been shown to affect many physiological functions and has been linked to reproductive, endocrine and metabolic disorders and cancer. BPA was banned in baby bottles in Canada in 2008 and in all food-oriented packaging in France from 1 January 2015. Since the BPA ban, substitutes with a similar structure and properties have been used by industrials even though their toxic potential is unknown. Bisphenol S has mainly replaced BPA in consumer products as reflected by the almost ubiquitous human exposure to this contaminant. 
  • 757
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Prader–Willi Syndrome and Hypogonadism
Prader-Labhart-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by intellectual disability, behavioural problems, hypothalamic dysfunction and specific dysmorphisms. Hypothalamic dysfunction causes dysregulation of energy balance and endocrine deficiencies, including hypogonadism. 
  • 756
  • 25 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Etiopathogenic Factors for Obesity
Obesity is an abnormal or excessive accumulation of fat that represents a health risk, and it is characterized by reaching a body mass index (BMI) equal to or greater than 30 kg/m2. Obesity is a chronic disease of multifactorial etiology that involves an energy imbalance, genetic and epigenetic factors, alterations in glucose and lipid metabolism, disorders of adipose tissue functioning, neuroendocrine dysregulation, and alterations in the intestinal microbiota, among others.
  • 752
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Metabolic Syndrome Research and Therapeutics
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a well-defined yet difficult-to-manage disease entity. Both the precipitous rise in its incidence due to contemporary lifestyles and the growing heterogeneity among affected populations present unprecedented challenges.
  • 747
  • 13 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Resveratrol Administration in Human Obesity
Obesity is a widespread disease that is associated with numerous and serious comorbidities. These include metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular-cerebrovascular disease, hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, cancer, and sexual and hormonal disorders. The treatment of obesity has therefore become a goal of great clinical and social relevance. Among the therapeutic strategies against obesity, resveratrol has aroused great interest. This polyphenol has anticancer and antioxidant properties and cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. Other favorable effects attributed to resveratrol are anti-lipid, anti-aging, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, and neuroprotective actions. Administration of resveratrol appears to improve the metabolic profile in obese and/or insulin-resistant patients.
  • 745
  • 11 May 2021
Topic Review
Rodent Model of Experimental Autoimmune-Orchitis
The rodent model of experimental autoimmune-orchitis (EAO) was established to analyze the underlying mechanisms of male infertility and causes of reduced testosterone concentration.
  • 744
  • 10 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Hypoglycemic Effect of Eryngium longifolium and Alsophila firma
The hypoglycemic effect of two Mexican medicinal plants, Eryngium longifolium and Alsophila firma, is described, which was associated with blocking of the hepatic glucose output due to inhibition of two gluconeogenic enzymes: glucose 6-phosphatase and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase.
  • 739
  • 09 Oct 2021
Topic Review
miRNA in the Pathogenesis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine-metabolic disease in females of reproductive age, affecting 4–20% of pre-menopausal women worldwide. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, single-stranded, non-coding, regulatory ribonucleic acid molecules found in eukaryotic cells. Abnormal miRNA expression has been associated with several diseases and could possibly explain their underlying pathophysiology. MiRNAs have been extensively studied for their potential diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic uses in many diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, PCOS, and endometriosis.
  • 739
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activity of Algae
Currently, algae arouse a growing interest in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic area due to the fact that they have a great diversity of bioactive compounds with the potential for pharmacological and nutraceutical applications. Due to lifestyle modifications brought on by rapid urbanization, diabetes mellitus, a metabolic illness, is the third largest cause of death globally. The hunt for an efficient natural-based antidiabetic therapy is crucial to battling diabetes and the associated consequences due to the unfavorable side effects of currently available antidiabetic medications. Finding the possible advantages of algae for the control of diabetes is crucial for the creation of natural drugs. Many of algae’s metabolic processes produce bioactive secondary metabolites, which give algae their diverse chemical and biological features. Numerous studies have demonstrated the antioxidant and antidiabetic benefits of algae, mostly by blocking carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzyme activity, such as -amylase and -glucosidase. Additionally, bioactive components from algae can lessen diabetic symptoms in vivo. 
  • 736
  • 17 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Complications of X-Linked Hypophosphatemia
X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is characterized by mutations in the PHEX gene, leading to elevated serum levels of FGF23, decreased production of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D), and hypophosphatemia. Those affected with XLH manifest impaired growth and skeletal and dentoalveolar mineralization as well as increased mineralization of the tendon–bone attachment site (enthesopathy), all of which lead to decreased quality of life.
  • 735
  • 08 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Vitamin D in Cardiovascular Risk and Disease
Beyond its key role in calcium homeostasis, vitamin D has been found to significantly affect the cardiovascular (CV) system. In fact, low vitamin D levels have been associated with increased CV risk, as well as increased CV morbidity and mortality. The majority of effects of this molecule are related directly or indirectly to its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. Generally, vitamin D insufficiency is considered for 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels between 21–29 ng/mL (corresponding to 52.5–72.5 nmol/L), deficiency as 25(OH)D levels less than 20 ng/mL (<50 nmol/L), and extreme deficiency as 25(OH)D less than 10 ng/mL (<25 nmol/L). However, the definition of an optimal vitamin D status, as defined by 25(OH)D, remains controversial for many extra-bone conditions, including CV disease. 
  • 727
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Hypoxia in a Tumor
Hypoxia is an integral component of the tumor microenvironment. Either as chronic or cycling hypoxia, it exerts a similar effect on cancer processes by activating hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and nuclear factor (NF-κB), with cycling hypoxia showing a stronger proinflammatory influence. 
  • 723
  • 01 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a disease that causes irregular bleeding, chronic anovulation, androgen excess, and a typical ovarian ultrasound feature.
  • 717
  • 18 Feb 2022
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