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Topic Review
Theranostics for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer with poor prognosis. Current endocrine therapy or anti HER-2 therapy is not available for these patients. Chemotherapeutic treatment response varies among patients due to the disease heterogeneity. Anticancer material conjugated nanoparticles with target-binding ligand and tracer agents enable simultaneous drug delivery and visualization of the lesion with minimal off-target toxicity.
  • 597
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
MicroRNA and Solid Cancer
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) function as the post-transcriptional factor that finetunes the gene expression by targeting to the specific candidate. Mis-regulated expression of miRNAs consequently disturbs gene expression profile, which serves as the pivotal mechanism involved in initiation or progression of human malignancy. Cancer-relevant miRNA is potentially considered the therapeutic target or biomarker toward the precise treatment of cancer. Nevertheless, the regulatory mechanism underlying the altered expression of miRNA in cancer is largely uncovered. Detailed knowledge regarding the influence of miRNAs on solid cancer is critical for exploring its potential of clinical application.
  • 596
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Oligoprogression in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Oligometastatic disease (OMD) is cancer in an intermediate state between the localized early stage and the advanced metastatic stage. 
  • 596
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Detection of Gynecological Precancerous Lesions
The prevention and early diagnostics of precancerous stages are key aspects of contemporary oncology. In cervical cancer, well-organized screening and vaccination programs, especially in developed countries, are responsible for the dramatic decline of invasive cancer incidence and mortality. Cytological screening has a long and successful history, and the ongoing implementation of HPV triage with increased sensitivity can further decrease mortality. On the other hand, endometrial and ovarian cancers are characterized by a poor accessibility to specimen collection, which represents a major complication for early diagnostics. Therefore, despite relatively promising data from evaluating the combined effects of genetic variants, population screening does not exist, and the implementation of new biomarkers is, thus, necessary.
  • 596
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Calorie Restriction under Malignant Tumors
Excessive body weight leads to increased levels of estrogens, chronic inflammation and hypoxia, which can play an important role in the development of malignancies. Calorie restriction can improve the state of patients with various diseases. Decreased calorie uptake influences lipid, carbohydrate and protein metabolism, hormone levels and cell processes.
  • 596
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Phosphaturic Mesenchymal Tumors
Phosphaturic mesenchymal tumors (PMT) are rare neoplasms, which can give rise to a multifaceted syndrome, otherwise called tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO). Localizing these tumors is crucial to obtain a cure for the phosphate metabolism derangement, which is often the main cause leading the patient to seek medical help, because of invalidating physical and neuromuscular symptoms.
  • 596
  • 18 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Sphingolipids and Lymphomas
Lymphomas are a highly heterogeneous group of hematological neoplasms. Given their ethiopathogenic complexity, their classification and management can become difficult tasks; therefore, new approaches are continuously being sought. Metabolic reprogramming at the lipid level is a hot topic in cancer research, and sphingolipidomics has gained particular focus in this area due to the bioactive nature of molecules such as sphingoid bases, sphingosine-1-phosphate, ceramides, sphingomyelin, cerebrosides, globosides, and gangliosides. Sphingolipid metabolism has become especially exciting because they are involved in virtually every cellular process through an extremely intricate metabolic web; in fact, no two sphingolipids share the same fate. Unsurprisingly, a disruption at this level is a recurrent mechanism in lymphomagenesis, dissemination, and chemoresistance, which means potential biomarkers and therapeutical targets might be hiding within these pathways. 
  • 594
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
Dietary Polyphenols and Cancer Cells
The role of autophagy is to degrade damaged or unnecessary cellular structures. Both in vivo and in vitro studies suggest a dual role of autophagy in cancer—it may promote the development of neoplasms, but it may also play a tumor protective function. The mechanism of autophagy depends on the genetic context, tumor stage and type, tumor microenvironment, or clinical therapy used. Autophagy also plays an important role in cell death as well as in the induction of chemoresistance of cancer cells. Polyphenols are organic chemicals that exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, and immunomodulating properties, and can also initiate the process of apoptosis. In addition, polyphenols reduce oxidative stress and protect against reactive oxygen species. Polyphenolic compounds are increasingly used in cancer prevention, or as agents supporting oncological treatment. 
  • 594
  • 22 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Kinase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecological cancer, the high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSC) being its most common and most aggressive form. Despite the latest therapeutical advancements following the introduction of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) targeting angiogenesis inhibitors and poly-ADP-ribose-polymerase (PARP) inhibitors to supplement the standard platinum- and taxane-based chemotherapy, the expected overall survival of HGSC patients has not improved significantly from the five-year rate of 42%. This calls for the development and testing of more efficient treatment options. Many oncogenic kinase-signaling pathways are dysregulated in HGSC. Since small-molecule kinase inhibitors have revolutionized the treatment of many solid cancers due to the generality of the increased activation of protein kinases in carcinomas, it is reasonable to evaluate their potential against HGSC.
  • 594
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
The Orexinergic System
The orexinergic system is involved in the control of the sleep/waking cycle, and it has been reported that cancer and cancer-related inflammatory mechanisms are associated with fatigue and sleep disruption. A bidirectional relationship between cancer and sleep occurs, and circadian rhythm disorders are a risk factor for some cancers. Thus, drugs targeting orexin receptors and administered for the treatment of sleep disorders could also be used against certain tumors.
  • 594
  • 06 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Exosomes in Breast Cancer Diagnosis
Liquid biopsies have been studied for the early diagnosis of cancer, the monitoring of tumor burden, tumor heterogeneity and the emergence of molecular resistance, along with the detection of minimal residual disease. Interestingly, liquid biopsy consents the analysis of circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor DNA and extracellular vesicles (EVs). In particular, EVs play a crucial role in cell communication, carrying transmembrane and nonmembrane proteins, as well as metabolites, lipids and nucleic acids. Of all EVs, exosomes mirror the biological fingerprints of the parental cells from which they originate, and therefore, are considered one of the most promising predictors of early cancer diagnosis and treatment response.
  • 594
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Multicellular Modelling of Difficult-to-Treat Gastrointestinal Cancers
Cancers affecting the gastrointestinal system are highly prevalent and their incidence is still increasing. Among them, gastric and pancreatic cancers have a dismal prognosis (survival of 5–20%) and are defined as difficult-to-treat cancers. This reflects the urge for novel therapeutic targets and aims for personalised therapies. As a prerequisite for identifying targets and test therapeutic interventions, the development of well-established, translational and reliable preclinical research models is instrumental.
  • 594
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Earlier Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic cancer incidence is increasing yearly. The reasons are not well known. Unfortunately, this is one of the least treatable cancers. Standard chemotherapy treatments show poor results, as do targeted treatments. The only real improvement in pancreatic cancer in the last twenty years occurred in the surgical field, where neoadjuvant therapy and very early surgery have achieved better overall survival. The only secret of arriving early to surgery is early diagnosis, and the missing element for early diagnosis is screening.
  • 593
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Tumour-Agnostic Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer
The prognosis of patients with solid tumours has remarkably improved with the development of molecular-targeted drugs and immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, the improvements in the prognosis of pancreatic cancer and biliary tract cancer is delayed compared to other carcinomas, and the 5-year survival rates of distal-stage disease are approximately 10 and 20%, respectively. However, a comprehensive analysis of tumour cells using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project has led to the identification of various driver mutations. Evidently, few mutations exist across organs, and basket trials targeting driver mutations regardless of the primary organ are being actively conducted. Such basket trials not only focus on the gate keeper-type oncogene mu-tations, such as HER2 and BRAF, but also focus on the caretaker-type tumour suppressor genes, such as BRCA1/2, mismatch repair-related genes, which cause hereditary cancer syndrome.
  • 592
  • 26 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Nanomaterials of Group XIV Elements in Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women worldwide. The elements of group XIV in the periodic table exhibit a wide range of chemical manners. There have been remarkable developments in the field of nanobiomedical research, especially in the application of engineered nanomaterials in biomedical applications.
  • 591
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Nanoparticulate for Active or Passive Photosensitizer Drug Delivery
Numerous treatments are available for cancer, including chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, biomarker testing, surgery, photodynamic therapy, etc. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective, non-invasive, novel, and clinically approved strategy to treat cancer. In PDT, three main agents are utilized, i.e., photosensitizer (PS) drug, oxygen, and light. At first, the photosensitizer is injected into blood circulation or applied topically, where it quickly becomes absorbed or accumulated at the tumor site passively or actively. 
  • 591
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Colorectal Cancer Epidemiology
Early onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC) is defined as CRC diagnosed in individuals younger than 50, which is generally considered the ideal age to start screening programs in the average-risk population. Although the overall incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) is declining, the number of new diagnoses in patients younger than 50 is alarmingly increasing.
  • 591
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
PARP Inhibition in Prostate Cancer Patients
The increasing diffusion of genetic analysis regarding the pathogenetic variants (PVs) of genes involved in DNA Damage Repair (DDR) mechanisms and the development of Poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPis) led to the first valid precision medicine option tailored toward metastatic prostate cancer (mPC). The concept of anticipation in the systemic treatment of mPC was initially adopted for androgen receptor signaling inhibitors (ARSIs) to describe the expansion of their indications, from the setting of the late-stage second-line treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) to first-line therapy in selected cases. There is already mounting evidence in favor of the anticipation of PARPis in the first line of mCRPC therapy, and further evidence in favor of mHSPC is emerging. 
  • 590
  • 13 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Precision Oncology via NMR-Based Metabolomics
Precision oncology is an emerging approach in cancer care. It aims at selecting the optimal therapy for the right patient by considering each patient’s unique disease and individual health status.
  • 589
  • 21 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Autophagy in the Commonalities between Autoimmunity and Carcinogenesis
The immune system and autophagy share a functional relationship. Both innate and adaptive immune responses involve autophagy and, depending on the disease’s origin and pathophysiology, it may have a detrimental or positive role on autoimmune disorders. As a “double-edged sword” in tumors, autophagy can either facilitate or impede tumor growth. The autophagy regulatory network that influences tumor progression and treatment resistance is dependent on cell and tissue types and tumor stages. Several autophagy modifiers have demonstrated beneficial effects in models of autoimmune disease, emphasizing their therapeutic potential as treatments for autoimmune disorders.
  • 589
  • 12 Apr 2023
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