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Topic Review
Mutualism
From an ecological perspective, relationships range from to mutualism (i.e., beneficial/beneficial) to parasitism (i.e., beneficial/harmful). Mutualism in international production can be defined as international production that enables socially sustainable mutual prosperity growth between all countries involved in the international production.
  • 1.6K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Neoabolitionism
Neoabolitionist (or neo-abolitionist or new abolitionism) is a term used in historiography to characterize historians of race relations motivated by the spirit of racial equality typified by the abolitionists who fought to abolish slavery in the mid-19th century. They write especially about African-American history, slavery, the American Civil War and the Reconstruction Era. As abolitionists had worked in the 19th century to end slavery and provide equal rights under the US Constitution to blacks, the new activists worked to enforce constitutional rights for all citizens and restore equality under the law for African Americans, including suffrage and civil rights. In the late 20th century some historians emphasized the worlds of African Americans in their own words, in their own communities, to recognize them as agents, not victims. Publishing in the mid-1960s and through the 20th century, a new generation of historians began to revise traditional accounts of slavery in the United States, reconstruction, racial segregation and Jim Crow laws. Some major historians began to apply the term "neoabolitionist" to such historians, and some of this group identified as such.
  • 1.6K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Power (Social)
Power, in a social context, refers to the ability of an individual, group, or institution to influence or control the behavior, decisions, and actions of others. It often manifests in various forms, including political, economic, and social power, and is a dynamic force that shapes relationships and structures within societies. The possession of power grants the capacity to enforce one's will, make decisions, and shape the course of events, playing a central role in the dynamics of governance, social interactions, and institutional structures.
  • 1.5K
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Collective Action
Collective action refers to the coordinated efforts of individuals or groups to pursue common goals or address shared interests, often through collaborative or cooperative means. It encompasses a wide range of activities, including protests, strikes, social movements, and community organizing, aimed at achieving social, political, economic, or environmental change through collective mobilization and solidarity.
  • 1.5K
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Institutional Racism
Institutional racism refers to the systemic discrimination and bias embedded within social institutions, such as government agencies, educational systems, and corporations, that perpetuate racial inequalities. Unlike individual acts of racism, institutional racism operates at a structural level, resulting in unequal access to resources, opportunities, and social privileges based on race. It manifests through policies, practices, and norms that disadvantage certain racial or ethnic groups while advantaging others, contributing to disparities in areas such as employment, education, healthcare, and criminal justice.
  • 1.5K
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Successful Aging
Successful aging (American English) or successful ageing (British English) refers to physical, mental and social well-being in older age. The concept of successful aging can be traced back to the 1950s, and was popularized in the 1980s. It reflects changing view on aging in Western countries, where a stigma associated with old age (see ageism) has led to considering older people as a burden on society. Consequently, in the past most of the scientists have been focusing on negative aspects of aging or preventing the decline of youth. Research on successful aging, however, acknowledges the fact that there is a growing number of older adults functioning at a high level and contributing to the society. Scientists working in this area seek to define what differentiates successful from usual aging in order to design effective strategies and medical interventions to protect health and well-being from aging. Some researchers in aging studies are critical of the very term "successful aging" as it implies failure on the part of those who do not meet arbitrary criteria derived from neoliberal and/or biomedical definitions.
  • 1.5K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Trends of Adolescent Substance Use in Macau
Substance use, including the use of tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drugs has been found to be associated with many health and social problems throughout the world. Adolescents are always more vulnerable to taking risks and engaging in unhealthy or delinquent behaviors, such as cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and using illicit drugs. Most of the research on adolescent substance use is from either the U.S, Europe, or other non-Eastern countries, but very little attention is paid to those in the Greater China Region. As a special administrative region of China, Macau is known for its gambling industry, its proximity to the Golden Triangle, and its lenient drug law, all of which can be conducive to high-level drug use in the population, including its adolescents. Among the key results, the rates of cigarette smoking and illicit drug use were low to moderate while the rates of alcohol use were relatively high; cigarette smoking decreased during the period, but alcohol use and illicit drug use remained stable; Macau adolescents shared similar risk factors for substance use with adolescents elsewhere, but unique circumstances might exist to influence their alcohol consumption.
  • 1.5K
  • 11 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Supplemental Security Income
Supplemental Security Income (SSI) is a United States means-tested tax payer funded program that provides cash payments to individuals residing in the United States who have paid into social security and are eligible to retire. This is not SSD. SSI was created by the Social Security Amendments of 1972 and is incorporated in Title 16 of the Social Security Act. The program began operations in 1974. SSI was created to replace federal-state adult assistance programs that served the same purpose, but were administered by the state agencies and received criticism for lacking consistent eligibility criteria. The restructuring of these programs was intended to standardize the eligibility requirements and level of benefits. Although administered by the Social Security Administration, SSI is funded from the U.S. Treasury general funds, not the Social Security trust fund. Today, the program provides benefits to approximately eight million Americans.
  • 1.5K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Social Network Analysis (Criminology)
Social network analysis in criminology views social relationships in terms of network theory, consisting of nodes (representing individual actors within the network) and ties (which represent relationships between the individuals, such as offender movement, co-offenders, crime groups, etc.) These networks are often depicted in a social network diagram, where nodes are represented as points and ties are represented as lines.
  • 1.5K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Port City Sustainability
In resent years, with the development of society, the sustainability of port cities is increasingly valued. Port cities face huge challenges, and their sustainability needs to be better understood.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Legal Working Age
The legal working age is the minimum age required by law for a person to work, in each country or jurisdiction. Some types of labor are commonly prohibited even for those above the working age, if they have not reached yet the age of majority. Activities that are dangerous, harmful to the health or that may affect the morals of minors fall into this category.
  • 1.5K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Varnam
Varnam (meaning ‘colours’) is a social enterprise that has been working with artisans in Channapatna, Karnataka in India , for over 4 years. It has produced a series of designs interpreting this 200-year-old toy-making craft in the home and lifestyle, women's accessories space, giving tradition a contemporary twist. Using traditional lac-turnery methods popularised by the traditional Channapatna toys range, the label produces home and lifestyle products, toys and jewelry.
  • 1.5K
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Job Crafting
Job crafting has been a focal research topic in job design literature since the early 2000s. Employees’ initiated job crafting behavior (e.g., seeking resources and seeking challenges) has been positively linked to employee health, job attitude (e.g., job satisfaction), well-being (e.g., work engagement), and performance (for meta-analytic reviews ). It also brings substantial benefits for organizations, such as a higher level of group and organizational performance. Accordingly, increasing research has investigated various ways to stimulate employees’ job crafting behavior. In this respect, cumulative evidence has shown that job characteristics and personal traits are important factors that influence employee job crafting (for reviews). For example, proactive personality, self-efficacy, regulatory focus, job autonomy, and job resources were positively related to employee job crafting.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Race and the War on Drugs
The War on Drugs is a term for the actions taken and legislation enacted by the United States government, intended to reduce or eliminate the production, distribution, and use of illicit drugs. The War on Drugs began during the Nixon Administration with the goal of reducing the supply of and demand for illegal drugs, though an ulterior, racial motivation has been proposed. The War on Drugs has led to controversial legislation and policies, including mandatory minimum penalties and stop-and-frisk searches, which have been suggested to be carried out disproportionately against minorities. The effects of the War on Drugs are contentious, with some suggesting that it has created racial disparities in arrests, prosecutions, imprisonment and rehabilitation. Others have criticized the methodology and conclusions of such studies. In addition to enforcement disparities, some claim that the collateral effects of the War on Drugs have established forms of structural violence, especially for minority communities.
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Cyber-Ethnography
Cyber-ethnography, also known as virtual ethnography, digital ethnography and most commonly online ethnography, is an online research method that adapts ethnographic methods to the study of the communities and cultures created through computer-mediated social interaction. As modifications of the term ethnography, cyber-ethnography, online ethnography and virtual ethnography (as well as many other methodological neologisms) designate particular variations regarding the conduct of online fieldwork that adapts ethnographic methodology. There is no canonical approach to cyber-ethnography that prescribes how ethnography is adapted to the online setting. Instead individual researchers are left to specify their own adaptations. Netnography is another form of online ethnography or cyber-ethnography with more specific sets of guidelines and rules, and a common multidisciplinary base of literature and scholars. This article is not about a particular neologism, but the general application of ethnographic methods to online fieldwork as practiced by anthropologists, sociologists, and other scholars.
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Participative Decision-Making
Participative decision-making (PDM) is the extent to which employers allow or encourage employees to share or participate in organizational decision-making (Probst, 2005). According to (Cotton Vollrath), the format of PDM could be formal or informal. In addition, the degree of participation could range from zero to 100% in different participative management (PM) stages (Cotton et al. 1988; Black & Gregersen 1997; Brenda, 2001). PDM is one of many ways in which an organization can make decisions. The leader must think of the best possible style that will allow the organization to achieve the best results. According to psychologist Abraham Maslow, workers need to feel a sense of belonging to an organization (see Maslow's hierarchy of needs).
  • 1.4K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Discrimination
Discrimination is the unjust or prejudicial treatment of individuals or groups based on certain characteristics such as race, gender, age, religion, sexual orientation, or other distinguishing features. It involves the act of making distinctions or differentiating between people in a way that results in unequal opportunities, privileges, or access to resources. Discrimination can manifest in various forms, including direct actions, policies, or practices that may intentionally or unintentionally disadvantage certain individuals or communities based on perceived differences. It is a social issue that contributes to systemic inequalities and can have significant consequences for the well-being, opportunities, and overall experiences of those who are targeted. Legal frameworks and human rights initiatives aim to address and prevent discrimination, promoting principles of equality, justice, and inclusivity in societies around the world.
  • 1.4K
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Google Friend Connect
Google Friend Connect was a free social networking site from 2008 to 2012. Similar in practice to Facebook Platform and MySpaceID, it took a decentralised approach, allowing users to build a profile to share and update information (through messaging, photographs and video content) via third-party sites. These sites acted as a host for profile sharing and social exchanges. Google Friend Connect used open standards such as OpenID, oAuth and OpenSocial and with the intent of freeing users from having to register for additional accounts or usernames. Once authenticated they could use their existing profile and access a social graph when posting messages. It has been said that "social network APIs (how different services on the web talk to each other) such as the[MySpace API, Facebook Connect and Google Friend Connect take the online social graph beyond social networking sites to external web sites and applications". This social graph feature allowed a user to post a message on a third-party site, but allowed viewing access only to other authorised "friends" contained within the user's chosen social graph. Friend Connect was removed for all non-Blogger sites by March 1, 2012, and for Blogger sites on January 11, 2016.
  • 1.4K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
World Religions
World religions is a category used in the study of religion to demarcate the five—and in some cases more—largest and most internationally widespread religious movements. Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are always included in the list, being known as the "Big Five". Some scholars also include other world religions, such as Taoism, Sikhism, Zoroastrianism, and/or the Baháʼí Faith, in the category. These are often juxtaposed against other categories, such as indigenous religions and new religious movements, which are also used by scholars in this field of research. The world religions paradigm was developed in the United Kingdom in the 1960s, where it was pioneered by phenomenological scholars like Ninian Smart. It was designed to broaden the study of religion away from its heavy focus on Christianity by taking into account other large religious traditions around the world. The paradigm is often used by lecturers instructing undergraduate students in the study of religion and is also the framework used by school teachers in the United Kingdom and other countries. The paradigm's emphasis on viewing these religious movements as distinct and mutually exclusive entities has also had a wider impact on the categorisation of religion—for instance in censuses—in both Western countries and elsewhere. Since the late 20th century, the paradigm has faced critique by scholars of religion like Jonathan Z. Smith, some of whom have argued for its abandonment. Critics have argued that the world religions paradigm is inappropriate because it takes the Protestant variant of Christianity as the model for what constitutes religion; that it is tied up with discourses of modernity, including modern power relations; that it encourages an uncritical understanding of religion; and that it makes a value judgement as to what religions should be considered "major". Others have argued that it remains useful in the classroom, so long as students are made aware that it is a socially-constructed category.
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Rating Site
A rating site (less commonly, a rate-me site) is a website designed for users to vote on or rate people, content, or other things. Rating sites are typically organized around attributes such as physical appearance, body parts, voice, personality, etc. They may also be devoted to the subjects' occupational ability, for example teachers, professors, lawyers, doctors, etc.
  • 1.4K
  • 19 Oct 2022
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